Political participation of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis

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IRSTI 11.15.91

R.А. Nurtazina*

А.Т. Serikzhanova

L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

*Corresponding author: nurtazina1958@gmail.com

Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis

Abstract. In the context of globalization, the issue of modernization of the process of transformation of the political systems of the states of the Central Asian region has been updated. The processes of self-identification and modeling of the political courses of development of the Central Asian states, as well as the determination of priorities for the political participation of citizens, which have taken place over the past three decades since independence, make the article relevant.

The article deals with topical issues of political involvement of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Kyrgyzstan at the present stage.

There is considered a brief history of the formation of parliamentarism in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. There has been compiled chronology of the process of elections of deputies of Parliament and protest actions and the consequences of the elections.

The authors have carried out an analysis of the political participation of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, characterized by a certain similarity in the functioning of political systems.

Keywords: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, political participation, elections, protests.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-135-2-51-69 Received: 10.04.21 / Approved: 12.05.21

Introduction

The political systems of the Central Asian countries, which have different levels of socio- economic development and demonstrate different political strategies, may be characterized by common features: a combination of traditionalism, chiefdom, appeal to democracy, Islamization of the population and the secular nature of statehood.

The first attempts to create a legislative body in the form of a Parliament in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic were made after independence. Each of the countries has passed its own stages of the formation of parliamentarism, depending on their traditions, political and legal culture and the consciousness of citizens.

The history of Parliamentarism in Kazakhstan is connected with the Constitution adopted in 1995. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Parliament is the highest representative body [1]. The Chambers of the Parliament act on a permanent basis and the term of office of the deputies of the Senate of the Republic of Kazakhstan is six years, the Mazhilis of the Republic of Kazakhstan – five years.

The Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the status of its Deputies" The Mazhilis of the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of 107 deputies, 98 of whom are elected from political parties, the remaining 9 are elected by the National Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, and persons who have reached the age of 25 can become a deputy of the Mazhilis of the Republic of Kazakhstan [2].

In the Kyrgyz Republic in 1995, after amendments to the Constitution (1994), the Jogorku

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№ 2(135)/2021

Kenesh (translated from Kyrgyz — "Supreme Council") was created – a bicameral Parliament, which consisted of the Legislative Assembly and the Assembly of People's Representatives. In 2005, as a result of amendments to the Constitution, the Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic became unicameral, consisting of 75 deputies. From 2010 to the present, the Supreme Council of the Kyrgyz Republic has 120 deputies elected for 5 years on a proportional basis.

In foreign political science, the problems of political participation are widely studied in a broad paradigm of directions, starting with behavioral (behavior as a reflection of external conditions), developing trends in socio-psychological (motives and forms of electoral behavior) and socio-structural (political participation is an independent institution of the political system) trends and ending with the neo – institutional direction (political participation is a real tool for achieving political goals by certain groups).

In the countries of the Central Asian region, scientific research on the issues of political participation of citizens is actively being conducted. The most justified are the dissertation studies of Kyrgyz scientists, such as E.V. Pavlov "Transformation of the political systems of the Central Asian republics, 2008, N.A. Rajapova "Youth participation in the political process of modern Kyrgyzstan", 2011, A.E. Esenbayev "The Institute of Elections in the conditions of the transformation of the political system in Kyrgyzstan", 2009, Kazakh scientists K.D. Zhanpeisova "The role of the institute of elections in the formation of representative power", 2012), S.K. Ilyasova " Political participation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan: state and prospects of development (on the example of the Pavlodar region), 2009), Sh.E. Kilybayeva "Political activity of the youth of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: a comparative analysis", 2018), Uzbek researchers A. Saidov, N. Borjelli, Sh. Asyanova International experience on social partnership and public participation in state decision-making (Modernization of the country and building a strong civil society – our main priority, 2014), D.B. Vafaeva "On the issue of participation of non-governmental organizations in the exercise of public control over state authorities", 2017;

"Democratic state and civil society: issues of interaction", 2018).

The relevance of the topic of this article provides for the consideration of the political participation of citizens in the Parliamentary elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic, conducting a comparative analysis between the two countries.

Methods

There were used general logical methods of scientific knowledge (methods of analysis and synthesis, abstraction, and analogy), the method of comparative political analysis, the historical method, the method of logical description of the actual development of events in the article.

Results

There has been determined a level of political participation and interest of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in relation to the Parliamentary elections.

Discussion

On October 21, 2020, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev signed a decree on the appointment of elections of deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament, and the Central Election Commission appointed elections of deputies of maslikhats at all levels [7].

As the President of Kazakhstan noted, before the elections, there were introduced new laws of political modernization, the development of a multi-party system and the expansion of civil participation in the socio-political life of our country [7].

In order to involve women and youth in the Parliament and local executive bodies, to increase

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis the level of their participation in the socio-political processes of the country, a 30 percent quota has been introduced in party lists for women and youth [8]. In addition, there was introduced the institution of parliamentary opposition, according to which the opposition is endowed with the right to initiate parliamentary hearings at least once during one session, as well as to determine the agenda of the government hour at least twice during one session [9]. Also, the third measure was that the deputies to the maslikhats for the first time passed through the party lists [4].

The nomination of candidates for deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament and the registration of party lists took place in accordance with the Calendar Plan of the main events for the preparation and conduct of the next elections of deputies, approved on October 21, 2020 by the Resolution of the Central Election Commission (hereinafter – the CEC).

Candidates were nominated from November 10 to 30. By the resolutions of the CEC, 6 political parties registered in accordance with the established procedure in the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan were allowed to participate in the regular elections of deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament.[10] During this period, 5 political parties submitted documents to the Central Election Commission on the nomination of party lists of candidates for deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and maslikhats (see Table 1).

Table 1. Registered party lists (Kazakhstan)

№ Organization and date of foundation

Date of registration of the party list

Number of candidates for the Mazhilis of the Parliament/ Number of women and youth

%

Number of candidates for maslikhats/

Number of women and youth % 1. Public Association "People's

Democratic Patriotic Party

"Auyl", March 30, 2000

26.11.2020 19 candidates /31,5%

(4 women, 2 youth)

611 candidates /53,4%

(326 women and persons under 29 years of age)

2. Public Association "Nur Otan Party", February 12, 1999

02.12.2020 126 candidates /31,7 % (37 women, 4 youth)

6,234 candidates /40.5%

(2,527 women and persons under 29 years of age)

3. "People's Party of Kazakhstan", April 12, 2004

07.12.2020 113 candidates /36,2%

(33 women, 9 youth)

234 candidates /59.8%

4. Political party "ADAL” 04.12.2020 16 candidates /31,2%

(4 women, 2 youth)

5. Public Association "

Democratic Party of Kazakhstan "Ak Zhol", April 25, 2019

04.12.2020 38 candidates /36,8%

(12 women, 2 youth)

Notes:

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According to paragraph 4 of Article 89 of the Constitutional Law "On Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan", the number of female and young people (persons under the age of 29) on the party list must be at least 30% of the total number of candidates. According to this norm, each party claiming a non-mandate had to have at least 30% of female and youth representatives on the list. But, according to the observers of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) mission, "Gender equality was an insignificant topic of campaigning. Mostly, media focused on the male candidates."[13]

According to the results of registration, in general throughout Kazakhstan, out of 5 parties, 312 people were included in the party list of candidates for deputies of the Mazhilis of Parliament, 90 of whom were female, 222 were male; there were 8,334 candidates in maslikhats throughout the country, including 3,721 (44.6%) - women and persons under 29 years of age. The average age of candidates for deputies of the Mazhilis of Parliament was 46.7 years, and the number of young people under the age of 29 was 19 people. Also among the candidates were 34 deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the VI convocation.

The election campaign began on December 11. It lasted until January 10. Each party had its own election fund, which consisted of the party's own funds and voluntary donations from citizens and organizations of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Among all the candidates, the Nur Otan party was the leader in fundraising, followed by the ADAL party, the Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party, the Ak Zhol Democratic Party of Kazakhstan, and the People's Party of Kazakhstan. The current picture can be explained by the fact that the Nur Otan party has the largest number of members, among which there were many entrepreneurs.

On July 2, 2020, the presidential decree of the Kyrgyz Republic set the election of deputies of the Supreme Council for October 4, 2020. 220 officially registered parties expressed their desire to participate in the elections, but only 16 of them were allowed to participate in the elections. (see Table 2)

Table 2. List of parties participating in the elections of the Supreme Council of the Kyrgyz Republic

№ Name of political parties Number of nominated

candidates

Number of

registered candidate

number of men

Number of women

1 Political party of Veterans of the war in Afghanistan and Participants of other local military conflicts 21.08.2020

78 78 45 (57,69%) 33 (42,31%

2 "Meken Yntymagy"

21.08.2020

150 149 101

(67,78%)

48 (32,21%) 3 Socialist Party "Ata Meken"

23.08.2020

150 150 100

(66,67%)

50 (33,33%)

4 Mekenchil 24.08.2020 138 136 92 (67,60%) 44

(31,88%) 5 State unity and patriotism

"Bir Bol" 24.08.2020

109 108 68 (62,90%) 40 (37%)

6 «Yyman Nuru» 24.08.2020 102 101 70 (69,30%) 31

(30,69%)

7 “Zamandash” 24.08.2020 156 156 107 49

1. Compiled from sources 10, 11, 12;

2. Systematized by the authors.

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis (68,59%) (31,41%)

8 “Chong Kazat» 24.08.2020г. 82 81 57 (69,51%) 24

(30,49%)

9 «Reforma» 24.08.2020. 85 84 55 (64,71%) 29

(35,29%)

10 «Respublika» 24.08.2020 200 166 116

(69,88%)

50 (30,12%) 11 «Sotsial Democrat»

24.08.2020

104 101 67 (66,33%) 34

(32,69%) 12 «Democratic Party

«Birimdik» (Unity)»

24.08.2020

200 200 140

(70,00%)

60 (30,00%) 13 «Mekenim Kyrgyzstan»

24.08.2020

200 200 140

(70,00%)

60 (30,00%)

14 ORDO» 24.08.2020 101 100 68 (68%) 32

(31,68%)

15 Kyrgyzstan 02.09.2020 102 102 68 (66, 66 34 (33,34)

16 Political Party «Butun Kyrgyzstan»

120 120 81 (67,5%) 39 (32,5%)

Notes:

1.

Complied by source 14, 15;

2.

Systematized by the authors.

According to the results of registration of candidates from political parties, the Central Commission for Elections and Referendums of the Kyrgyz Republic registered 2,032 people, of which 1,375 were men (67.6%) and 657 were women (32.33%). As statistics show, there were twice as many men among the candidates as women.

From September 4 to 8 o’clock on October 3, an election campaign was held, for which an election fund was created, consisting of the party's own funds and voluntary donations from citizens and organizations. The parties "Mekenim Kyrgyzstan", the Democratic Party "Birimdik" (Unity),

"Kyrgyzstan", which had more than 100 million soms in their accounts, were the leaders in fundraising among the candidates.

The second half of 2020 and the first half of 2021 brought a number of political changes for Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Namely, into the system of legislative power. As indicated above, elections of deputies to the Parliaments of neighboring states have begun in both countries.

The process of nominating, registering a party, listing candidates, campaigning, and raising funds is similar. However, it is possible to notice a difference in the activity of citizens in participating in parliamentary elections as candidates.

If 5 parties registered to participate in the elections in Kazakhstan, then in Kyrgyzstan this figure is three times higher and amounted to 16 parties. In Kazakhstan, 312 people competed for the mandate of a deputy of the Parliament, in Kyrgyzstan – 2,032. Kyrgyzstanis who wanted to become deputies were 6.5 times more likely than among Kazakhstanis.

It is also worth noting that, despite the fact that the population of Kazakhstan is 18,777 million people.) 2.8 times more than the population of the Kyrgyz Republic (6,524 million people.), [16] and on the territory of Kazakhstan with an area of 2,724,902 square kilometers. km.) 13.6 times more than that of the Kyrgyz Republic (99,900 square kilometers. km.), the large amount of funds collected and spent on election campaigning in both countries amounted to about 1.5 million dollars (the party leading in fundraising in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Nur Otan " – 1,527,231 dollars; in the Kyrgyz Republic:"

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№ 2(135)/2021 Shymkent

Almaty Nur-Sultan South-Kazakhstan region North-Kazakhstan region Pavlodar region Mangystau region Kyzylorda region Kostanay region Karaganda region West-Kazakhstan region Zhambyl region East-Kazakhstan region Atyrau region Almaty region Aktobe region Akmola region

56,50%

303,23,02%3%

45,10% 73,78%

65,80% 83,40%

55,00%

75,5800%,09%

7701,,5350%%

73,12%

56,40%

73,907%9,84%

71,80% 82,57%

70,707%6,74%

62,40%70,03%

72,20%79,97%

72,40%80,52%

82,91%

73,50% 92,67%

58,80% 78,28%

72,807%8,68%

0,00% 20,00% 40,00% 60,00% 80,00% 100,00%

2021 2016 Mekenim Kyrgyzstan " – 1,685,771).

Voting procedure and results the Republic of Kazakhstan

Voter lists were submitted to election commissions by the CEC. From November 10 to December 10, work was carried out to inform citizens about the verification and their inclusion in the voter lists. Also, local executive bodies organized the work of Call-centers, where voters could check whether they are on the voter list. Since the beginning of the electoral campaign, call centers have received about 42 thousand applications.

The Central Election Commission included 11,915,903 people in the Electoral Register [18]. On the day of voting, a total of 10,060 polling stations were functioning in Kazakhstan and abroad. By 7 am, 8 141 participants in the regions of the country, 12 participants at the representative offices of the Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign countries started [19]. An hour later, by 8 o'clock, they were joined by another 1853 on the territory of the country and 17 at the representative offices of the Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign countries [20].

According to the results of voting on election day, 63.3% of voters showed up at the polling stations and made their choice, while this figure in 2016 was 75.16%.

If in turnout among all regions in 2021 the North Kazakhstan region was in the lead - 75.5%, then the southern capital Almaty lagged behind all, showing the result twice less - 30.3%. Voters in Almaty showed a similar interest in the Parliamentary elections in 2016, while the capital itself showed a decrease in this indicator (see Picture 1).

Picture 1. Voter turnout (Republic of Kazakhstan) Notes:

1.

Compiled by source 21, 22;

2.

PIcture 1 shows the difference in voter turnout in the 2016 and 2021 parliamentary elections.

Reflects the ongoing changes in the minds of citizens.

If earlier the population was encouraged by the CEC to take part in the vote, thereby taking

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis

80,00%

71,09%

70,00%

60,00%

50,00%

40,00%

30,00%

20,00%

9,10% 10,95%

10,00% 5,29%

3,57%

0,00%

People's Party of «Nur Otan» party People's political party Democratic Party of

Kazakhstan Democratic Party «ADAL» Kazakhstan "Ak

"Auyl» Zhol»

part in the formation of power, then recently we can see a trend of "boycott". In particular, young Kazakhstanis decided to ignore the elections and not go to the polls. As they expressed on social networks, there are no candidate parties that they would like to support and entrust with law-making activities.

According to the results of the vote, the Nur Otan party won, gaining 71.09% of the vote. The second place in the number of votes was taken by the Democratic Party of Kazakhstan "Ak Zhol". (see Picture 2)

To get a seat in the Mazhilis, the parties had to collect at least seven percent of all the votes cast.

As Piture 1 shows, in the parliamentary elections of 2021, the candidates of the Nur Otan Party, the Ak Zhol Democratic Party of Kazakhstan and the People's Party of Kazakhstan received a deputy mandate. It is worth noting that these three parties are the winners of the previous parliamentary elections in 2016 (2012, 2016, 2021).

Picture 2. Results of voting in the elections of deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament and Maslikhats in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021

Notes:

1.

Compiled from source 25;

2.

In addition to voting at polling stations, Kazakhstanis went to the Republic Square in Almaty, protesting the parliamentary elections.

The organizers of the action were the unregistered opposition Democratic Party, led by Zhanbolat Mamai, and the movement "Oyan, Kazakhstan" ("Wake up, Kazakhstan"). According to the activists, the elections were illegitimate and they themselves called for a boycott [23].

Due to the lack of permits for holding actions, the participants were detained and taken to police stations. But " after carrying out preventive conversations, all delivered are released. No one was prosecuted to administrative and criminal responsibility."[24]

The movement "Oyan, Kazakhstan" appeared before the Presidential elections of 2019, after which they did not show political activity for a year and a half. However, closer to the Parliamentary elections, the participants of the movement became more active. They were joined by a group for the

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№ 2(135)/2021 VOTING ABROAD 5%

26,74%

BATKEN REGION CHUI REGION TALASS REGION OSH REGION NARYN REGION ISSYK-KUL REGION ZHALAL-ABAD REGION Г.ОШ

42%

50,34%

43%

54,72%

49%

59,41%

41%

58,45%

47%

55,56%

41%

52,36%

43%

57,85%

40% 68,30%

Г.БИШКЕК 41%

55,15%

0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00%

2015 2020

creation of a Democratic Party (the party failed to register in 2019 and accused the authorities of creating obstacles), led by activist Zhanbolat Mamay, and the movement "Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan" (hereinafter referred to as the DCK). If the first two called on the population to come out to protest on the day of voting, the DCK called for voting for the Ak Zhol party and going to rallies.

As a result, the protesters failed to massively boycott the elections and organize a nationwide rally. Parliamentary elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan were held according to the calendar plan.

Kyrgyz Republic

On October 4, on the day of elections of deputies to the Supreme Soviet, there were 2,475 polling stations, of which 45 were located abroad [26].

The list of voters in the Kyrgyz Republic is compiled by the state body in the field of population registration on the basis of the Unified State Population Register. Also, every citizen had the opportunity to check their data on the state portal tizme.gov.kg. In total, a list of 3,523,554 people was compiled in the republic [26].

All polling stations opened at 8 am and worked until 8 pm.

The total voter turnout was 1,980,240 voters, which is 56.2%. This figure is higher than the last elections (2015) of the Supreme Council by 14.2%. In the context of regions, one can also notice an increase in the number of voters. If in 2015 the number of voters who voted did not reach even 50% of the population of the regions, then in 2020 this indicator increased by almost 10% in all regions of the Kyrgyz Republic.

According to the turnout among the regions of the Kyrgyz Republic, Osh was in the first place (68.3%), and all the others showed more than 50%. (see Picture 3).

Picture 3. Voter turnout (Kyrgyz Republic) Notes:

3.

Compiled by source [27];

4.

According to the results of the voting, four parties became leaders, overcoming 7% of the electoral threshold: "Birimdik", "Mekenim Kyrgyzstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Butun Kyrgyzstan". (Picture 4)

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis 34,263 people voted against all parties, which amounted to 1.80% of the votes.

However, on October 5, 2020, the political parties "Republic", "Bir Bol", "Zamandash", "Yyman Nuru", "Ata Meken", "Reforma", "Chong Kazat", "Ordo", "Meken Yntymagy", "Social-Democrats"

appealed to the Central Commission for Elections and Referendums of the Kyrgyz Republic with a statement on the cancellation of the results of the elections of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic held on October 4, 2020 and the appointment of new elections. The Central Commission decided to invalidate the results of voting at polling stations [28].

Picture 4. Results of voting in the elections of deputies of the Supreme Council of the Kyrgyz Republic in 2020

Notes:

1.

Compiled from source [29];

2. Systematized by the author.

The recognition of the election as invalid was influenced by the protests of citizens that took place from 5 to 15 October, which demanded the cancellation of the election results.

On October 5, representatives of the parties "Respublika", "Ata-Meken" ("Fatherland"), "Bir Bol"

and "Zamandash", supporters of the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan and the party "Mekenchil"

came out to the Ala-Too Central Square of Bishkek [30]. On the night of October 5-6, protesters seized the White House, where the parliament and the presidential administration were located. They also released the ex-president of the country, Almazbek Atambayev [31], who was charged with a criminal case against him in 2019. He was charged with corruption, abuse of office and illegal enrichment during his presidency and sentenced to 11 years in prison in June 2020 [32].

On the same night, supporters released from the colony ex-deputy, founder of the Mekenchil party [33] Sadyr Zhaparov, who was sentenced in 2017 to 11 years for taking the governor of the Issyk- Kul region hostage. On the same evening, S. Zhaparov announced himself as acting prime minister, despite the absence of a quorum in parliament [34]. Later, on October 19, the Supreme Court acquitted Sadyr Zhaparov in the case of an attempted violent seizure of power in 2012.

Supporters of parties that could not overcome the threshold of 7% of the vote burned and overturned police cars. And the security forces, in turn, let gas, threw flash-noise grenades at the

24,50% 23,68% 8,71% 7,27% 6,92% 5,82% 4,08% 3,38% 3,05% 2,33% 2,16% 2,14% 1,66% 0,63% 0,22% 0,17% 1,80%

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№ 2(135)/2021

crowd and fired rubber bullets. On the very first day of the protests, the number of victims in Bishkek reached 130 [35].

On October 6, amid protests, the Chairman of the Parliament Dastanbek Dzhumabekov [36], the mayor of Bishkek [37], plenipotentiary representatives of the government in Batken, Naryn, Talas and Issyk-Kul regions resigned [38].

After four days of protests on October 9, acting President Sooronbai Zheenbekov declared a state of emergency from October 9 to 21.

On the same day, Prime Minister Kubatbek Boronovaand his government resigned, and the next day the Parliament approved the new composition of the government headed by S. Zhaparov.

The next was the resignation of the Secretary of the Security Council and his deputy.

On the sixth day since the start of the protests on October 11, the actions stopped, but on October 14, the activists again came out and demanded the resignation of the country's president. The next day, President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbai Jeenbekov announced his resignation. Due to the refusal of the speaker of parliament, Kanatbek Isaev, the powers of the president were transferred to Prime Minister Sadyr Zhaparov [39].

Compared to Kazakhstan, the protesters were able to achieve their goals, the elections were invalidated. Protests as a form of political participation in Kyrgyzstan are often practiced and have their own results.

Conclusion

According to the above, the number of parties that took part in the Parliamentary elections in the Kyrgyz Republic is three times more than in Kazakhstan. If 15 parties took part in the elections to the Parliament of Kyrgyzstan in 2020, then in Kazakhstan there are only 5.

In this context, citizens of Kyrgyzstan are more eager to participate in the political life of the country by creating political parties and applying for a seat in the Supreme Council.

It is also worth paying special attention to the participation of citizens in the form of protest actions. During the parliamentary elections, the protest action of Kazakhstani activists lasted 9 hours, as the activists were surrounded by the police in the square and found themselves in a tight ring of a special rapid reaction unita [40]. This can also be justified by the small number of people who have a protest mood. While supporters of the Kyrgyz opposition parties were able to completely change the government in 10 days and appointed the acting president of the republic, oppositionist Sadyr Zhaparov, who was elected president on January 10, 2021 [41].

The main difference between the methods of political participation of the population of the two countries is that, in the opinion of Kazakhstanis, protests are ineffective and often end in detentions.

Whereas, the Kyrgyz side has a different idea of the protests and is practicing it.

In addition, the Revolution in Kyrgyzstan led to a decrease in the electoral threshold for entering parliament to 3%, while in Kazakhstan the threshold has been 7% since 2007 [42].

On January 15, at a joint session of the chambers of the Parliament, President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev proposed the issue of the need to reduce the threshold for political parties to join the Mazhilis from 7 to 5%. He also proposed to return the "against all" column to the ballot, which has not been used since 2011 [43].

This initiative would be key in forming a Parliament of parties that the population truly believes in.

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis

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8. Президент РК подписал поправки к закону о выборах с 30%-ной квотой для женщин и молодежи в партийных списках. -ИА Inbusiness.kz, 25 мая 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:https://inbusiness.kz/ru/last/prezident-rk-podpisal-popravki-k-zakonu-o-vyborah-s-30-kvotoj- dlya-zhenshin-i-molodezhi-v-partijnyh-spiskah (дата обращения: 28.01.2020).

9. Институт парламентской оппозиции закреплен законодательно в Казахстане. – [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:https://strategy2050.kz/ru/news/institut-parlamentskoy-oppozitsii- zakreplen-zakonodatelno-v-kazakhstane/ (дата обращения: 28.01.2020).

10. Об итогах выдвижения и регистрации партийных списков на очередных выборах депутатов Мажилиса Парламента Республики Казахстан. – сайт ЦИК РК, 10 декабря 2020 г.

[Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=5940 (дата обращения: 28.01.2020).

11. Доклад заместителя Председателя ЦИК РК Константина Петрова. – сайт ЦИК РК, 10

декабря 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -

URL:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=5954 (дата обращения:

28.01.2020).

12. О регистрации партийного списка «НДПП «Ауыл», о ходе рассмотрения обращений физических и юридических лиц и порядке разъяснения выборного законодательства. – сайт

ЦИК РК, 26 ноября 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -

28.01.2020).

13. Заявление Международной миссии по наблюдению за выборами Республика Казахстан - парламентские выборы, 10 января 2021 г. - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 11

января 2021 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -

URL:https://www.osce.org/ru/odihr/elections/kazakhstan/475547 (дата обращения: 01.02.2020).

14. ЦИК зарегистрировал 1912 кандидатов в депутаты от 15 политических партий. - сайт ЦИК КР, 04 сентября 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3474/

(дата обращения: 08.02.2020).

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15. Политическая партия «Бутун Кыргызстан». - сайт ЦИК КР, 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/vybory-oktyabr-2020_/spisok-kandidatov-v-deputaty-zhk-kr- zareg-polit-partij/politicheskaya-partiya-butun-kyrgyzstan/(дата обращения: 08.02.2020).

16. Revision of World Population Prospects. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:https://population.un.org/wpp/ (дата обращения: 08.02.2020).

17. Информация о поступлении и расходовании средств избирательных фондов политических партий, по состоянию на 3 октября 2020 года. - сайт ЦИК КР, 13 октября 2020 г.

[Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3715/ (дата обращения: 08.02.2020).

18. Почти 12 миллионов казахстанцев включены в списки избирателей. -Сетевое издание

«Интернет ресурс Tengrinews, 10 января 2021 г. - [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:

https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/12-millionov-kazahstantsev-vklyuchenyi-spiski-izbirateley- 425429/ (дата обращения: 02.02.2020).

19. Об открытии избирательных участков на 7.00 часов. - сайт ЦИК РК, 10 января 2020 г.

20. Об открытии избирательных участков на 8.00 часов. - сайт ЦИК РК, 10 января 2020 г.

21. ПРЕСС-РЕЛИЗ О явке избирателей на 18.00. - сайт ЦИК РК, 10 января 2020 г.

[Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -

URL:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=3277(дата обращения: 02.02.2020).

22. О предварительных итогах явки избирателей 10 января 2021 года. - сайт ЦИК РК, 10

января 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс].- 2020. -

02.02.2020).

23. В Казахстане задержаны десятки протестующих против выборов в парламент.

[Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL::https://www.dw.com/ru/v-kazahstane-zaderzhany-desjatki- protestujushhih-protiv-vyborov-v-parlament/a-56185035 (дата обращения: 02.02.2020).

24. МВД о митингах в день выборов: К ответственности никого из участников не привлекали.

- Русская редакция Deutsche Welle. - Сергей Ромашенко -10 января 2021 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2021. -URL:https://informburo.kz/novosti/mvd-o-mitingah-v-den-vyborov-k-otvetstvennosti-nikogo- iz- uchastnikov-ne-privlekali (дата обращения: 02.02.2021).

25. Заседание Центральной избирательной комиссии об итогах очередных выборов депутатов Мажилиса Парламента Республики Казахстан VII созыва. - сайт ЦИК РК, 12 января

2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2021. -

07.02.2020).

26. Сегодня, 4 октября 2020 года, в Кыргызской Республике началось голосование на выборах депутатов ЖК КР. - сайт ЦИК КР, 04 октября 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2021. - URL:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3690/ (дата обращения: 07.02.2020).

27. Явка на выборах депутатов ЖК КР составила 56,2%. - сайт ЦИК КР, 05 октября 2020 г.

[Электрон.ресурс]. - 2021. -URL:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3699/ (дата обращения: 15.02.2020).

28. О признании недействительными итогов голосования на избирательных участках на выборах депутатов Жогорку Кенеша Кыргызской Республики, назначенных на 6 октября 2020 года. -сайт ЦИК КР, 04 октября 2020 г/ [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/npacik/Postanovleniya_CIK_KR-BShKnyn_toktomdoru/o-priznanii- nedejstvi/ (дата обращения: 07.02.2020).

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis 29. Результаты выборов депутатов ЖК октябрь-2020. - сайт ЦИК КР. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL: https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/vybory-oktyabr-2020_/rezultaty-vyborov-deputatov-zhk- oktyabr-2020/ (дата обращения: 07.02.2020).

30. В Бишкеке тысячи людей протестуют против результатов выборов в парламент. - Русская редакция Deutsche Welle. -Ольга Мищенко. - 05 октября 2020 г. Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:

https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%B2-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5-

%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9-

%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82-

%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2-

%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-

%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B2-

%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82/a-55161326 (дата обращения: 07.02.2020).

31. Протестующие в Кыргызстане захватили Белый дом и освободили из СИЗО экс- президента Атамбаева. –Новая газета. - 06 октября 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:

https://novayagazeta.ru/news/2020/10/06/164712-protestuyuschie-v-kyrgyzstane-zahvatili-belyy-dom- i-osvobodili-iz-sizo-eks-prezidenta-atambaeva (дата обращения: 07.02.2020).

32. Атамбаев, Алмазбек Шаршенович. – Википедия. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D 0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B0

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33. О чем говорил Садыр Жапаров со своими сторонниками на видео? - Радио «Азаттык». - Кубанычбек Жолдошев - 21 марта 2017 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:

https://rus.azattyk.org/a/28381592.html (дата обращения: 10.02.2020).

34. Ходки, туда и обратно. Что стало с осужденными кыргызскими чиновниками, вышедшими на свободу после смены власти. - интернет-СМИ «Медиазона». - Никита Данилин - 22 октября 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL: https://mediazona.ca/article/2020/10/22/comeback (дата обращения: 10.02.2020).

35. Число госпитализированных после беспорядков в Бишкеке возросло до 130. - ИА ТАСС. - 06 октября 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL: https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya- panorama/9634115 (дата обращения: 10.02.2020).

36. Спикер Жогорку Кенеша Дастанбек Джумабеков подал в отставку. - ИА «24.kg» - 06 октября 2020, - Дарья ПОДОЛЬСКАЯ [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:https://24.kg/vlast/167957_spiker_jogorku_kenesha_dastanbek_djumabekov_podal_votstavku/

(дата обращения: 10.02.2020).

37. Мэр Бишкека подал в отставку. - информационный сайт РБК, - 06 октября 2020 г.

[Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5f7c2bd89a79475caf738bb5 (дата обращения: 15.02.2020).

38. Главы городов и областей Киргизии сложили полномочия на фоне протестов в стране. - Информационное агентство «Znak». - 06 октября 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:

https://www.znak.com/2020-10-

06/glavy_gorodov_i_oblastey_kirgizii_skladyvayut_polnomochiya_na_fone_protestov_v_strane (дата обращения: 15.02.2020).

39. Премьер Киргизии Жапаров заявил о получении им полномочий президента. - ИА Интерфакс. - 15 октября 2020 г. - [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:https://www.interfax.ru/world/731684(дата обращения: 15.02.2020).

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40. Не менее сотни задержанных, активисты в кольце СОБРа. Как прошел день выборов? - Радио «Азаттык». - 10 января 2021 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:https://rus.azattyq.org/a/with- no-opposition-on-ballot-kazakhstan-holds-parliamentary-elections/31040111.html (дата обращения:

15.02.2020).

41. «Это наш Трамп». Кыргызстан избрал Садыра Жапарова и дал ему больше власти. - Би- би-си, Бишкек. - Наргиза Рыскулова. - 10 января 2021 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. - URL:https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-55595377 (дата обращения: 15.02.2020).

42. Как изменилась избирательная система Казахстана за тридцать лет... – ИА kursiv.kz. - 29 декабря 2020 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2020-12/kak- izmenilas-izbiratelnaya-sistema-kazakhstana-za-tridcat-let (дата обращения: 17.02.2020).

43. В Казахстане президент призвал снизить порог для прохождения в парламент. - Радио

«Азаттык». - 15 января 2021 г. [Электрон.ресурс]. - 2020. -URL:

https://rus.azattyk.org/a/31047190.html (дата обращения: 17.02.2020).

Р.А. Нуртазина, А.Т. Серикжанова

Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университеті, Нұр-Сұлтан, Қазақстан Парламенттік сайлау мысалында Қазақстан мен Қырғызстан азаматтарының саяси

қатысуы: салыстырмалы талдау

Аңдатпа. Мақалада Қазақстан мен Қырғызстан Республикасы азаматтарының саяси қатысуы зерттелген.

Азаматтардың саяси белсенділік деңгейін анықтау мақсатында 2020 және 2021 жылдардағы парламенттік сайлауға салыстырмалы талдау жүргізілді.

Қазақстан мен Қырғызстандағы парламентаризм қалыптасуының қысқаша тарихы қарастырылды. Парламент депутаттарының сайлауын әзірлеу, өткізу және оның қорытындыларын шығару үрдісінің хронологиясы жасалды. Сондай-ақ, наразылық акциялары мен сайлаудың салдары қаралды.

Түйін сөздер: Қазақстан Республикасы, Қырғыз Республикасы, саяси қатысу, сайлау, партия, Парламент, акция, наразылықтар.

Р.А. Нуртазина, А.Т. Серикжанова

Евразийский национальный университет имени Л.Н. Гумилева, Нур-Султан, Казахстан

Политическое участие граждан Казахстана и Кыргызстана на примере парламентских выборов: сравнительный анализ

Аннотация. В условиях глобализации актуализируется вопрос модернизации процесса трансформации политических систем государств Центрально-Азиатского региона.

Происходящие в течение трех последних десятилетий после обретения независимости процессы самоидентификации и моделирования политических курсов развития государств Центральной Азии, определение приоритетов политического участия граждан обусловливают актуальность и целевую установку статьи.

В статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы политического участия граждан Республики Казахстан и Республики Кыргызстан на современном этапе.

Рассмотрена краткая история становления парламентаризма в Казахстане и Киргизии.

Составлена хронология процесса выборов депутатов Парламента, описаны протестные акции и последствия выборов.

Проведен анализ политического участия граждан Казахстана, Кыргызстана,

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis характеризующихся определенной схожестью вопросов функционировании политических систем.

Ключевые слова: Казахстан, Кыргызстан, политическое участие, выборы, акция, протесты.

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11. Doklad zamestitelja Predsedatelja CIK RK Konstantina Petrova [Report of the Deputy Chairman of the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan Konstantin Petrov]. - website of the CEC of the

Republic of Kazakhstan, December 10, 2020. Available

at:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=5954 [in Russian], (accessed 28.01.2020)

12. O registracii partijnogo spiska «NDPP «Auyl», o hode rassmotrenija obrashhenij fizicheskih i juridicheskih lic i porjadke raz#jasnenija vybornogo zakonodatel'stva. [On the registration of the party list of the "NDPP "Auyl", on the course of consideration of appeals of individuals and legal entities and the procedure for explaining the electoral legislation. – website of the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan], November 26 2020. Available at:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=5869 [in Russian], (accessed 01.02.2020).

13. Zajavlenie Mezhdunarodnoj missii po nabljudeniju za vyborami Respublika Kazahstan - parlamentskie vybory [Statement of the International Election Observation Mission Republic of Kazakhstan-Parliamentary elections], January 10, 2021 - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, January 11, 2021. Available at: https://www.osce.org/ru/odihr/elections/kazakhstan/475547 [in Russian], (accessed 28.01.2020).

14. CIK zaregistriroval 1912 kandidatov v deputaty ot 15 politicheskih partij. [The CEC registered 1,912 candidates for deputies from 15 political parties]. - website of the CEC of the Kyrgyz Republic, September 04, 2020. Available at:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3474/ [in Russian], (accessed 08.02.2020).

15. Politicheskaja partija «Butun Kyrgyzstan». [Political party "Butun Kyrgyzstan". - website of the CEC of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2020]. Available at:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/vybory-oktyabr- 2020_/spisok-kandidatov-v-deputaty-zhk-kr-zareg-polit-partij/politicheskaya-partiya-butun-

kyrgyzstan/ [in Russian], (accessed 08.02.2020)

16. Revision of World Population Prospects vailable at:https://population.un.org/wpp/ (accessed 08.02.2020).

17. Informacija o postuplenii i rashodovanii sredstv izbiratel'nyh fondov politicheskih partij [Information on the receipt and expenditure of funds from the election funds of political parties], as of October 3, 2020. - website of the CEC of the Kyrgyz Republic, October 13, 2020. Available at:https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3715/ [in Russian], (accessed 08.02.2020)

18. Pochti 12 millionov kazahstancev vkljucheny v spiski izbiratelej [Almost 12 million Kazakhstanis are included in the voter lists.] - Online publication" Internet resource Tengrinews, January 10, 2021. Available at:https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/12-millionov-kazahstantsev- vklyuchenyi-spiski-izbirateley-425429/[in Russian], (accessed 02.02.2020).

19. Ob otkrytii izbiratel'nyh uchastkov na 7.00 chasov [On the opening of polling stations at 7.00 o'clock.] - website of the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan, January 10, 2020. Available at:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=6130 [in Russian], (accessed 02.02.2020).

20. Ob otkrytii izbiratel'nyh uchastkov na 8.00 chasov [On the opening of polling stations at 8.00 o'clock.] - website of the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan, January 10, 2020. Available at:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=6133 [in Russian], (accessed:

02.02.2020).

21. PRESS-RELIZ O javke izbiratelej na 18.00.[PRESS RELEASE on the voter turnout at 18.00]. - website of the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan, January 10, 2020. Available at:

https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=3277 [in Russian], (accessed 02.02.2020).

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Political involvement o of citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on the example of parliamentary elections: comparative analysis 22. predvaritel'nyh itogah javki izbiratelej 10 janvarja 2021 goda [On the preliminary results of the voter turnout on January 10, 2021]. - website of the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan, January 10, 2020. Available at:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=6179 [in Russian], (accessed: 02.02.2020).

23. V Kazahstane zaderzhany desjatki protestujushhih protiv vyborov v parlament [Dozens of protesters against the parliamentary elections were detained in Kazakhstan]. Available at:https://www.dw.com/ru/v-kazahstane-zaderzhany-desjatki-protestujushhih-protiv-vyborov-v- parlament/a-56185035 [in Russian], (accessed 02.02.2020).

24. MVD o mitingah v den' vyborov: K otvetstvennosti nikogo iz uchastnikov ne privlekali [The Ministry of Internal Affairs about the rallies on election day: None of the participants were brought to justice]. Russian edition of Deutsche Welle. Sergey Romashenko -January 10, 2021. Available

at:https://informburo.kz/novosti/mvd-o-mitingah-v-den-vyborov-k-otvetstvennosti-nikogo-iz- uchastnikov-ne-privlekali [in Russian], (accessed 02.02.2020).

25. Zasedanie Central'noj izbiratel'noj komissii ob itogah ocherednyh vyborov deputatov Mazhilisa Parlamenta Respubliki Kazahstan VII sozyva [Meeting of the Central Election Commission on the results of the regular elections of deputies of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the VII convocation]. - website of the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan, January 12, 2020. Available at:https://www.election.gov.kz/rus/news/releases/index.php?ID=6198 [in Russian], (accessed 07.02.2020).

26. Segodnja, 4 oktjabrja 2020 goda, v Kyrgyzskoj Respublike nachalos' golosovanie na vyborah deputatov ZhK KR [Today, on October 4, 2020, voting in the elections of deputies of the Housing Complex of the Kyrgyz Republic began in the Kyrgyz Republic]. - website of the CEC of the Kyrgyz Republic, October 04, 2020. Available at: https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3690/ [in Russian], (accessed 07.02.2020).

27. Javka na vyborah deputatov ZhK KR sostavila 56,2%. [The turnout in the elections of deputies of the Housing Complex of the Kyrgyz Republic was 56.2%]. - website of the CEC of the Kyrgyz Republic, October 05, 2020. Available at: https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/news/3699/[in Russian], (accessed 15.02.2020).

28. priznanii nedejstvitel'nymi itogov golosovanija na izbiratel'nyh uchastkah na vyborah deputatov Zhogorku Kenesha Kyrgyzskoj Respubliki, naznachennyh na 6 oktjabrja 2020 goda [On invalidating the results of voting at polling stations in the elections of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic, scheduled for October 6, 2020]. - website of the CEC of the Kyrgyz Republic, October 04, 2020. Available at: https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/npacik/Postanovleniya_CIK_KR- BShKnyn_toktomdoru/o-priznanii-nedejstvi/ [in Russian], (accessed 07.02.2020).

29. Rezul'taty vyborov deputatov ZhK oktjabr'-2020 [Results of the elections of deputies of the housing complex October-2020]. - website of the CEC of the Kyrgyz Republic. Available at:

https://shailoo.gov.kg/ru/vybory-oktyabr-2020_/rezultaty-vyborov-deputatov-zhk-oktyabr-2020/ ([in Russian], (accessed 07.02.2020).

30. V Bishkeke tysjachi ljudej protestujut protiv rezul'tatov vyborov v parlament. [In Bishkek, thousands of people protest the results of the parliamentary elections]. -Russian edition of Deutsche Welle. - Olga Mishchenko. - October 05, 2020. Available at:https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%B2-

%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5-

%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8-

%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9-

%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82-

%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2-

%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-

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%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82/a-55161326[in Russian], (accessed 07.02.2020).

31. Protestujushhie v Kyrgyzstane zahvatili Belyj dom i osvobodili iz SIZO jeks-prezidenta

Atambaeva [Protesters in Kyrgyzstan seized the White House and released ex-President Atambayev from jail].- Novaya Gazeta. - October 06, 2020. Available at:https://novayagazeta.ru/news/2020/10/06/164712-protestuyuschie-v-kyrgyzstane-zahvatili-belyy- dom-i-osvobodili-iz-sizo-eks-prezidenta-atambaeva [in Russian], (accessed 07.02.2020).

32. Atambayev, Almazbek Sharshenovich. – Wikipedia. Available at:https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0

%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B0

%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87https://ru.wikipedia.org/wi ki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0

%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%

D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 [in Russian], (accessed: 07.02.2020).

33. O chem govoril Sadyr Zhaparov so svoimi storonnikami na video? ambaev, Almazbek Sharshenovich. [What did Sadyr Zhaparov talk about with his supporters in the video?]. Available at:https://rus.azattyk.org/a/28381592.html [in Russian], (accessed 10.02.2020).

34. Hodki, tuda i obratno. Chto stalo s osuzhdennymi kyrgyzskimi chinovnikami, vyshedshimi na svobodu posle smeny vlasti. [Walking, back and forth. What happened to the convicted Kyrgyz officials who were released after the change of power]. - online media "Mediazona". - Nikita Danilin - October 22, 2020. Available at: https://mediazona.ca/article/2020/10/22/comeback [in Russian],(accessed 10.02.2020).

35. Chislo gospitalizirovannyh posle besporjadkov v Bishkeke vozroslo do 130. [The number of people hospitalized after the riots in Bishkek has increased to 130]. - October 06, 2020. Available at:

https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/9634115 [in Russian], (accessed 10.02.2020).

36. Spiker Zhogorku Kenesha Dastanbek Dzhumabekov podal v otstavku [Speaker of the Jogorku Kenesh Dastanbek Jumabekov resigned]. - Eeyore "24.kg" - October 06, 2020, - Daria PODOLSKAYA.

Available

a:https://24.kg/vlast/167957_spiker_jogorku_kenesha_dastanbek_djumabekov_podal_votstavku/ [in Russian], (accessed 10.02.2020).

37. Mjer Bishkeka podal v otstavku. [The mayor of Bishkek has resigned]. - RBC information website, - October 06, 2020. Available at:https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5f7c2bd89a79475caf738bb5 [in Russian], (accessed 15.02.2020).

38. Glavy gorodov i oblastej Kirgizii slozhili polnomochija na fone protestov v strane [The heads of cities and regions of Kyrgyzstan resigned amid protests in the country]. - Znak News Agency. -

October 06, 2020. Available at:https://www.znak.com/2020-10-

06/glavy_gorodov_i_oblastey_kirgizii_skladyvayut_polnomochiya_na_fone_protestov_v_strane[in Russian], (accessed 15.02.2020).

39. Prem'er Kirgizii Zhaparov zajavil o poluchenii im polnomochij prezidenta. [Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Zhaparov announced that he received the powers of the president.] - IA Interfax. - October 15, 2020. Available at:https://www.interfax.ru/world/731684 [in Russian], (accessed 15.02.2020).

40. Ne menee sotni zaderzhannyh, aktivisty v kol'ce SOBRa. Kak proshel den' vyborov? [At least a hundred detainees, activists in the SOBRA ring. How was election day?]. Available at:https://rus.azattyq.org/a/with-no-opposition-on-ballot-kazakhstan-holds-parliamentary-

elections/31040111.html [in Russian], (accessed 15.02.2020).

41. «Jeto nash Tramp». Kyrgyzstan izbral Sadyra Zhaparova i dal emu bol'she vlasti. ["This is our Trump." Kyrgyzstan elected Sadyr Zhaparov and gave him more power.] - BBC, Bishkek. - Nargiza