Establishment of entrepreneurship and business security in the Republic of Kazakhstan

(1)

S.G. Simonov¹, S. Zhanuzakova²

1Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russia;

2Innovative University of Eurasia, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan (E-mail: [email protected])

Establishment of entrepreneurship and business security in the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article describes the stages of entrepreneurship development in the Republic of Kazakhstan, also the business security issues and the analysis of the evolution of the legal framework of entrepreneurial activity are considered. The laws adopted since the independence, strategic plans, and the state programs of business and security support are presented in this article.During the years of Kazakhstan's independence more than a dozen laws were adopted, in order to maintain and ensure safe business operations. Currently, legislation on business activity is a vast array of regulatory legal acts in various industrial branches, which are organized in- to a single database in the form of the Civil Code and the Business Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In recent years, in order to improve the competitiven c v ess of domestic enterprises and ensuring its security programs such as: Nation Plan «100 concrete steps», «NurlyZhol» for 2015-2019, «BRM-2020» were developed. These programs are aimed at the preservation of existing and creation of new businesses, as well as providing them with non-financial support for the information and analytical support, the development of entrepreneurial capacity, introduction of innovative technologies, increasing the productivity of enterprises.The dynamics of the number of registered small and medium-sized businesses is analyzed. Several destabilizing factors constraining the growth of medium and large businesses is are presented.Growth in the number of registered enterprises confirms the effectiveness of the reforms in the country. But this trend is only characteris- tic of subjects of small farms, which is not true for the medium and large business. Various types of destabilizing factors prevent the growth of the last ones, these factors reduce the functioning of the security and re- straining further growth, such as logistics, lack of funding, administrative barriers and the mentality of the business environment in the region. A number of destabilizing factors constraining the growth of medium and large businesses are identified. These factors require more attention and support from the state; favorable conditions for the safe operation and further development of business in Kazakhstan should be created.

Keywords: entrepreneurship, security, economic reform,the threat,risk, factor, state support, business entities.

There is no doubt that an essential condition for the establishment and development of business is ensuring its safety. Considering the formation of entrepreneurship as an institution of modern society and its development under conditions of risk, imagine the whole evolution of the formation of the Republic of Ka- zakhstan law on entrepreneurial activity.

The beginnings of business got its start with the Soviet period in the 80-ies of XX century. When the so-called «perestroika» has led to occurrence of the cooperative movement and the activation of business.

The laws of the USSR «On the self-employment» from 19 November, 1986 and «On Cooperation in the USSR» dated by May 26, 1988 determined the legal basis of the individual activities of citizens and legal persons and legalized the right to employment, aimed at generating personal income activities. While this activity was not called business, it was first legalized [1, 2].

In the early 90-ies the process of disintegration of the USSR and the formation of new sovereign states has started, which were also characterized with the rapid development of economic activity. On December 11, 1990 the Law of the Kazakh SSR «On freedom of economic activity and the development of entrepreneurship in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic» was adopted, which was proclaimed the principle of freedom of entrepreneurial activity [3]. Legislative acts such as the law on the circulation of assets and stock exchange, laws on economic partnerships and joint-stock companies, the tax system in the Republic of Ka- zakhstan, and others [4-6] have been adopted.Implementation of the State program of support and development of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the period between 1992–1994 provides the measures for improving the financial system and the business crediting [7].

Particular influence on the process of entrepreneurship was associated with a law on the protection and support of private entrepreneurship, which defined the basic forms and methods of protection of private enterprise and its support, secured the refusal policy of direct state intervention in private business and the protection of trade secrets [8]. State authorities have increased attention to the problems of institutional reforms aimed at ensuring the safe operation and accelerating the development of all forms

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(2)

S.G. Simonov, S. Zhanuzakova

of business. There have been some positive developments in some field such as economic, financial and information support of entrepreneurship.

Thus, this period represents the initial phase of development of market relations in the Republic of Ka- zakhstan and the creation of an entirely new system of Kazakhstan business.

In 1993, programs of urgent anti-crisis measures and enhancing of social and economic reforms were adopted [9]. The main achievements associated with their implementation are listed further: the preservation of a stable socio-political situation in the country, the introduction of the national currency - tenge, filling the consumer market, the entry of Kazakhstan into the world community, joining the international financial institutions. In the domestic market at that time there was a significant drop in the production of goods and services. GDP in 1995 reduced by 39.6 % compared to 1990, real wages decreased by 69.9 %, pensions reduced by 77.3 %, investment in construction decreased by 64.1 %.

At that time, the main focus of economic reforms was to ensure macroeconomic stability, including a restrictive monetary policy, the completion of the liberalization of prices and foreign trade, improving the legal framework, the financial system, social services and the manufacturing sector. Consequently, entrepreneurial activity has remained on the sidelines, without the state support and developed in a very chaotic and unsecure way.

In 1995, in connection with the signing the agreement on creation of the Customs Union (first contract), which was later transformed into the Eurasian Economic Community, the new laws have been adopted: on the bankruptcy, on the National Bank, taxes and obligatory payments [10-12]. All this has laid a legal foun- dation for the enhancing the economic reforms in the field of entrepreneurship.

The next step in the development of business was the introduction of two laws on state support of small business and of individual enterprise [13, 14].

The crisis of the late 90s showed that the development of private enterprise needs transparent and clear rules of play. The economic crisis of 1998 led to the bankruptcy of most of the large companies. They have lost their positions in the market of goods and services, and the majority of medium and small enterprises in general have ceased to exist. Therefore, in order to ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of protection and business development, and effective use of entrepreneurial initiatives in the executive branch agency on support of small business was created.

The Agency has developed the State program of development and support of small business in the Re- public of Kazakhstan for 1999-2000. This program was aimed at strengthening the role of non-governmental organizations in matters of support and protection of small business, the development of the manufacturing sector, a gradual shift from state regulation of certain aspects of self-regulation through industry and cross- industry associations, to create a system of partnership called «state - business associations» [15].

Since 1999, Kazakhstan business started to build its capacity. According to the Statistics Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan, at the end of 1999, the total number of registered business entities in the country has reached 107,134. The number of people employed in the sphere of business was 340.7 thousand people.

The peak of development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) was at the end of 90-ies.

At the same time there was an issue how to determine which entity can be attributed to small businesses, and other ones to the subjects of medium-sized or large businesses. Approaches have been changed several times: the quantitative criterion and scope of ongoing activities stood out as decisive criteria, and the quantitative criterion and the total value of assets for the year. For example, originally it was decided that an enterprise is considered as small business if it is industry and construction employing up to 200 people, science and scientific services employing up to 100 people, in other branches of industrial sphere — up to 50 people, in the fields of non-productive sphere — 25 persons, retail trade — up to 15 people. Subsequently, it was decided that a small business entity is an individual without a legal entity and legal persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities with an average annual number of employees not more than 50 people and a total value of assets for the year is not more than 60 MCI [16].

The law on state support of direct investments had a positive impact on the entrepreneurial attitude,this law determined maingoals such as [17]:

 introduction of new technologies, advanced technology and know-how;

 filling of the domestic market with high quality goods and services;

 state support and stimulation of domestic producers;

 the development of export-oriented and import-substituting industries;

 creation of new workplaces;

 improvement of the environment.

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(3)

In accordance with this act significant preferences and privileges in carrying out investment in priority sectors of the economy were provided (including investment tax preferences, exemption from custom charges, provision of in-kind grants).

The priority sectors of the economy have been recognized:

1) production infrastructure;

2) manufacturing industry;

3) facilities of the city of Akmola (Astana);

4) housing, social facilities and tourism;

5) agriculture.

Also, to some extent the public procurement law stimulated entrepreneurial activity involving small businesses; as a measure of support for small businesses in government procurement this law consolidated reserve requirements up to 10 % of the total volume of public procurement of certain goods and services for the procurement of the small business subjects [18].

The last decade has clearly demonstrated the existence of two fundamentally different business models and their role in the economic development of the country. Model first, until recently, the main, formed and developed artificially in the privatization period, when there was a lot of companies with dispersed capital structure. This is the way of the oligarchs and major city-forming plants. At the same time, another model started to establish, which was not related to the privatization of business and began with cooperatives developing naturally. The real economic recovery of Kazakhstan is associated with this model.

The reasons that motivated people to engage in business allow to highlight at least three waves in the birth of a new class. The first consists of entrepreneurs, who formerly had a peripheral position in the society by one of the signs - ethnic, age, and social. The need for self-assertion was quite strong motive activity among big business, their share is 48 %, while small and medium have 16 %. The second wave consisted of those for whom self-realization motive was stronger than economic efficiency. First of all, they include for- mer employees of business, Party and Komsomol organizations. Using ready-made system resources and communication, they founded joint ventures, commercial banks, stock exchanges. The sample of small and medium-sized business representatives of the second wave were 44 % of entrepreneurs. The third type is

«mass entrepreneur» and was about 40 % of small business. This tendency, «the sooner the individual starts a business, the more likely it enters into the category of big business», in our opinion, takes place only in the conditions of emergence of business, so in today's society is still possible to observe its presence [19].

The turning point in the development of private enterprise in Kazakhstan is considered to be the middle of «zero» years. The state began to listen to the business by developing and adopting measures for creating more favorable conditions for SMEs. In place of the many acts regulating entrepreneurial attitude, legislative actwas adoptedestablishing the general principles of the private enterprise in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it also codified regulatory standards, and combined them in a single legislative act [20].

This law divided the subjects of small, medium and large businesses, as well as defined the basic legal, economic and social conditions and guarantees ensuring freedom of private enterprise. The effectiveness of reforms in the country can be seenfrom the official statistics (Table, Figure).

T a b l e Number of registered legal entities of Kazakhstan

Year Total

Small Medium Large Units Percent Units Percent Units Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1999 120862 107111 88,6 11275 9,32 2476 2,04

2000 138530 125547 90,6 10857 7,83 2126 1,53

2001 156404 143430 91,7 10904 6,97 2070 1,32

2002 173684 161026 92,7 10635 6,12 2023 1,16

2003 190042 177331 93,3 10699 5,62 2012 1,06

2004 208396 195696 93,9 10675 5,12 2025 0,97

2005 226908 213311 94,0 11543 5,08 2054 0,90

2006 247930 233666 94,2 12110 4,88 2154 0,86

2007 268564 253689 94,4 12595 4,68 2280 0,85

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(4)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2008 283744 268580 94,6 12792 4,50 2372 0,83

2009 298028 282503 94,7 13153 4,41 2372 0,79

2010 287068 271160 94,4 13479 4,69 2429 0,84

2011 301372 284888 94,5 14134 4,69 2350 0,78

2012 317926 301305 94,7 14289 4,49 2332 0,73

2013 338981 322121 95,0 14427 4,25 2433 0,71

2014 353833 336422 95,1 14936 4,22 2475 0,69

2015 360287 351229 97,4 6572 1,82 2486 0,69

2016 383850 374912 97,6 6502 1,69 2436 0,63

Note. Compiled by the author according to the Committee of statistics of Ministry of national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan: http://stat.gov.kz.

Figure. Dynamics of the number of registered legal entities in Kazakhstan from 1999 to 2016 (Source:

Committee of statistics of Ministry of national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan: http://stat.gov.kz.) Analysis of the dynamics of the registered legal entities for the period under review shows a positive growth trend. So in 2016 the number of enterprises reached 383,850, which is 23,563 more companies than in the previous year and 262,988 more than in 1999, where the main share is occupied by small businesses, their number in 2016 has reached 97.7 % (374 912). In general, over the last 20 years there was a three times growth of small businesses, mainly due to individual entrepreneurship. Official statistics indicate the effectiveness of the country’s reform supporting small and medium enterprises, in particular, the maximum sim- plification of the procedures for registration of business, the introduction of a special tax regime, etc. In 2015, a dramatic increase in the number of small businesses and reduce in the number of medium-sized businesses to some extent is due to the introduction of new criteria and the transition of medium businesses to small entities.

In Kazakhstan medium-sized enterprises specialized mainly in sectors with low added value. Ka- zakhstani entrepreneurs tend to implement private entrepreneurial activity in trade and agriculture (in the aggregate more than 30 % of all SMEs). In addition, there is an imbalance in regional distribution of growth points of SMEs.

It is obvious that the medium business should position themselves as regional. The regional market is the border or limit of its safe operation and internal capabilities. Emerging threats are connected with the fact that the medium business is experiencing resource constraints on the national consumer market. This market

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 450000

Total Small Medium Large

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(5)

is associated with other money, othe and other planning principles, the or tive. Even if medium-sized business enough; it is also required to have sp Infiltration in the Kazakh econ Moreover, it is not only price compe efficiency, but also it is associated sons.

The first major factor that redu in the companies on the national schemes and relationships.

The second factor is the lack o structures, which allows operating o available to the average business in mobilize investment, it is not enoug All this, of course, affect the develo the threshold values.

The role played by administrat curity of economic activities within set these contacts and relationships structures. Another thing is the nat sized businesses appear with the cre legal and administrative support.

Finally, an important limiting f preneurs go on the same machine, w the same rest places. When the scop tion with the partners becomes strain All factors listed above make t sized business can safely perform an tention of geography of activity or lines to the existing market. There i fers to the retail or even to the non-c Meanwhile, national companie gions. Medium business pressed fro duces the security of its economic a stand the pressure of national compa own resources allow it to efficiently

In order to improve the compe the Head of State «100 concrete step systematic measures to ensure the q pions” practices (step № 62), develo institution of business ombudsman (

The state program of infrastruc tunities for entrepreneurs. As part o located for the development of busin

In order to implement the Rep New Economic Growth - New Oppo zakhstan until 2020, «BRM-2020» u This program is a logical continuati case the emphasis shifts to the post- manent jobs [23]. Single program p (subsidizing interest rates on loans t grants, summing up the missing inf crediting of entrepreneurs, partial g

er distribution system, including regional offices, rganization of control systems for communicating ses have the money for the development on the n pecific skills, technology, and management.

nomic area of foreign companies brings new co etition, which is can be dealt by domestic busine with the innovations, which will not be compete uces the level of security is logistics. It is differe

market. Medium business cannot always use of funding. The national market is the zone of in of domestic or attracted resources, which are quit n the local markets. Unlike large corporations, th gh money for the innovation, after all, it is expe pment and security of medium-sized businesses, ive resources is the barrier. The level of contacts the city and the region are clear for any entrepre s, also he knows about the budgets amounts in t tional market, which can be approached. Securit eation of new industries, it never affected by the factor is the culture and regional mentality. The r wear similar clothes, they have similar interests in

pe of their economic activities goes beyond their ned.

the regional market an independent unit and with nd it efficiently implements own growth strategy an increase in the share of the local market by i s a vertical diversification as well, when wholesa core activities.

es and regional competitors emerge on the cons om all sides have to take a defensive position, w activity. However, on the regional market it is ab anies by better understanding of the situation, pe y grow within the regional market.

etitiveness of Kazakhstan’s economy and ensure ps» nation plan was developed. This plan provide qualitative growth of SME, including the introduc opment of two innovational clusters (step №63), (step № 54) [21].

cture development «NurlyZhol» on 2015–2019 y of the «NurlyZhol» 100 billion tenge from the RK

ness in the manufacturing sector [22].

public of Kazakhstan President's Address to the ortunities for Kazakhstan» and the Strategic Plan unified program of support and development of b ion of the implementation of «road maps» of 200 -crisis development, the preservation of existing a provides for the implementation of existing finan

to commercial banks, guaranteeing the loans, the frastructure, the introduction of new financial sup guarantee loans to microfinance institutions), as

other advertising budget g decisions to the execu- national market, it is not onditions of competition.

ss structures due to their ed due to following rea- ent, expensive and heavy

their transport experts, nterests of large business

te greater than those that he last one is not able to eriencing staff shortages.

shifting it to the level of needed to ensure the se- eneur. He knows how to the formal and informal ty concerns of medium- e presence or absence of regional centers of entre-

n the field of leisure and region, the communica- hin this unit the medium- . Usually it is simple ex- introducing new product ale business structure re- sumer market of the re- which to some extent re- ble to successfully with- eople's thinking and their

its security, on behalf of es the implementation of ction of «national cham-

and strengthening of the years opened new oppor-

K National Fund was al- Nation «New Decade - n of Development of Ka-

business was developed.

09 and 2010, and in this and creation of new per- ncial support instruments

issuance of government pport instruments, micro well as providing non-

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(6)

financial support for the information and analytical support, the development of entrepreneurial capacity, introduction of innovative technologies, increasing the productivity of enterprises.

The new reality opens up new opportunities for entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan. Ongoing structural reforms today are aimed at achieving improvement. According to long-term development strategy of Ka- zakhstan until 2050, the head of state delivered a clear objective to increase the SME contribution to GDP to 50% [24]. This, in turn, requires an integrated and holistic approach to the sustainable development of SMEs.

In this connection it is a relevant and timely task to develop a unified concept of qualitative growth of small and medium-sized businesses. The process of development of entrepreneurship should be considered as a single space, covering all key aspects of support and acceleration of a competitive SME sector.

Currently, legislation on entrepreneurship represents a vast array of normative legal acts in various industrial branches. That is why it is relevant to systematize all regulations in a single database, to create a unified conceptual and methodological framework with clear, not conflicting laws, which would regulate business activities and business relationships.

In order to realize this goal, the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan came into force in 2016 [25] . This is the main legislative act to date, which governs market relations, and special legislation on entrepreneurship. This situation contributes to the uniform application of legal norms, governing the entrepreneurial relations, and demonstrates the unity of private law regulation.

In 2016 the entrepreneurial Code which determines the legal, economic and social conditions and gua- ranteesproviding freedom of enterprise in the Republic of Kazakhstan came into force. It regulates the public relations arising with interaction of subjects of an entrepreneurship and the state, including state regulation and support of an entrepreneurship [26].

State policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to a private entrepreneurship is aimed at forming of middle class by development of the small entrepreneurship, which is oriented to creation of new high technology productions with the greatest value added.

Currently, the state realizes that there is a situation where the average business should use its flexibility, mobility, market objectives to accelerate the search of their place in the innovation economy. In order to create favorable conditions for the implementation of the business environment the Government developed and implemented scheme of «feedback» initiatives with entrepreneurs through the creation of the Commis- sions on affairs of business in local authorities, which includes the functions of:

 Study of the problems that hinder the development of small and medium-sized businesses;

 Development of proposals and recommendations for local and regional bodies of executive power.

Of great importance is also the formation of the business identity on the basis of the principles of social responsibility and business ethics. Only in this case, entrepreneurs can grow into an independent and socially active group with specific common interests that could become a pillar of the state and a full member of the civil society.

Список литературы

1 Закон СССР от 19 ноября 1986 г. «Об индивидуальной трудовой деятельности» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://www.zaki.ru/pagesnew.php?id=1820.

2 Закон СССР от 26 мая 1988 г. «О кооперации в СССР» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа:

http://www.zaki.ru/pagesnew.php?id=10898.

3 Закон Казахской ССР от 11 декабря 1990 г. «О свободе хозяйственной деятельности» [Электронный ресурс]. — Ре- жим доступа: http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000319.

4 Закон Казахской ССР от 11 июня 1991 г. «Об обращении ценных бумаг и фондовой бирже в Казахской ССР» [Элек- тронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000532.

5 Закон Казахской ССР от 21 июня 1991 г. «О хозяйственных товариществах и акционерных обществах» [Электрон- ный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000574.

6 Закон Республики Казахстан от 25 декабря 1991 г. «О налоговой системе в Республике Казахстан» [Электронный ре- сурс]. — Режим доступа: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000875.

7 Постановление Президента Республики Казахстан от 10 июня 1994 г. «Государственная программа поддержки и раз- вития предпринимательства в Республике Казахстан на 1992–1994» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа:

http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1003028.

8 Закон Республики Казахстан от 04 июля 1992 г. «О защите и поддержке частного предпринимательства» [Электрон- ный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1001352.

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(7)

9 Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 5 марта 1993 г. «О Национальной программе разгосударствления и при- ватизации в Республике Казахстан на 1993–1995 г. (II-ой этап)» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа:

http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U930001135_/links.

10 Закон РК от 7 апреля 1995 г. «О банкротстве» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа:

https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1008127.

11 Закон Республики Казахстан от 30 марта 1995 г. «О Национальном банке Республики Казахстан» [Электронный ре- сурс]. — Режим доступа: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1003548.

12 Закон Республики Казахстан от 24 апреля 1995 г. «О налогах и других обязательных платежах в бюджет» [Элек- тронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007159.

13 Закон Республики Казахстан от 19 июня 1997 г. «О государственной поддержке малого предпринимательства [Элек- тронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007970.

14 Закон Республики Казахстан от 19 июня 1997 г. «Об индивидуальном предпринимательстве« — [ЭР]. Режим доступа: http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007998.

15 Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 31 декабря 1998 г. «О государственной программе развития и поддерж- ки малого предпринимательства в Республике Казахстан на 1999-2000 гг.» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа:

http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U030001268_.

16 П. 1 ст. Закона Республики Казахстан от 19 июня 1997 г. «О государственной поддержке малого предприниматель- ства» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007970.

17 Закон Республики Казахстан от 28 февраля 1997 г. «О государственной поддержке прямых инвестиций» [Электрон- ный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007257.

18 Закон Республики Казахстан от 21 июля 2007 г. «О государственных закупках» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30115056.

19 Потрубач Н.Н. Проблемы обеспечения безопасности хозяйствования / Н.Н. Потрубач, Н.М. Горбунов, А.В. Колосов, Р.К. Максутов. — Хабаровск: Дальневосточная академия государственной службы, 2008. — 269 с.

20 Закон Республики Казахстан от 31 января 2006 г. «О частном предпринимательстве» [Электронный ресурс]. — Ре- жим доступа: http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30044096.

21 Программа Президента Республики Казахстан от 20 мая 2015 г. «План нации «100 конкретных шагов» [Электрон- ный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1500000100.

22 Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 6 апреля 2015 г. «Государственная программа инфраструктурного разви- тия «Нұрлы жол» на 2015–2019 г.». [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U1500001030.

23 Постановление Правительства Республики Казахстан от 31 марта 2015 г. «Об утверждении Единой программы под- держки и развития бизнеса «Дорожная карта бизнеса 2020» [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа:

http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1500000599.

24 Послание Президента Республики Казахстан – Лидера нации Н.А.Назарбаева Народу Казахстана «Стратегия «Казах- стан-2050»: Новый политический курс состоявшегося государства» (Астана, 14 декабря 2012 г.) [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1200002050.

25 Гражданский кодекс Республики Казахстан (общая часть). [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа:

http://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=1006061.

26 Кодекс Республики Казахстан от 29 октября 2015 г. «Предпринимательский кодекс Республики Казахстан» [Элек- тронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1500000375.

С.Г. Симонов, С. Жанузакова

Кəсіпкерліктің қалыптасуы жəне Қазақстан Республикасындағы бизнес қауіпсіздігін қамтамасыз ету

Мақалада Қазақстан Республикасындағы кəсіпкерліктің қалыптасу кезеңдері, қауіпсіздігін қамтамасыз ету жəне кəсіпкерлік қызметінің заңнамалық базасының эволюциясын талдау мəселелері қарастырылды. Тəуелсіздік жылдары қабылданған заңдар, стратегиялық жоспарлар мен бизнесті қолдау жəне қауіпсіздігін қамтамасыз ету бойынша мемлекеттік бағдарламалар көрсетілген. Қазіргі уақытта кəсіпкерлік қызмет туралы заңнамалар əр түрлі салаларға қатысты нормативтік құқықтық актілердің кең ауқымын қамтиды, олар Азаматтық кодексі жəне Қазақстан Республикасы Кəсіпкерлік кодексі түрінде бірыңғай базасына жүйеленген. Қазақстандық кəсіпорындары бəсекеге қабілеттілігін арттыру мақсатында жəне оның қауіпсіздігін қамтамасыз ету үшін соңғы жылдары келесі бағдарламалар əзірленді: Елбасының «100 нақты қадам», «Нұрлы жол» 2015–2019 жылдарға арналған

«БЖК – 2020». Бұл бағдарламалар жұмыс істеп тұрғандарын сақтау жəне жаңа кəсіпорындар құруға бағытталған, сондай-ақ ақпараттық-талдамалық қамтамасыз ету, кəсіпкерлік əлеуетті дамыту, инновациялық технологияларды енгізу, еңбек өнімділігін арттыру бойынша оларға қаржылық емес қолдау көрсетуге бағытталған. Шағын жəне орта бизнес кəсіпорындарының тіркелген санының динамикасы талданды. Кəсіпорындардың санының өсуі елде жүргізіліп жатқан реформалардың тиімділігін растайды. Бірақ бұл үрдіс шағын шаруашылық субъектілерге ғана тəн, орта жəне ірі бизнес бұлай айтуға келмейді. Соңғылардың өсуіне кедергі жасайтын əр түрлі факторлар, қызметінің қауіпсіздігін төмендететін жəне одан əрі өсуін тежеуші, логистика сияқты, қаржыландырудың

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(8)

жеткіліксіздігі, əкімшілік кедергілер жəне бизнес-ортаның менталитеті. Орта жəне ірі бизнестің өсуін шектеуші бірқатар теріс факторлары анықталды. Осы факторлар мемлекет тарапынан, Қазақстандағы кəсіпкерлік қауіпсіз жұмыс істеу жəне əрі қарай дамуы үшін қолдау жəне қолайлы жағдайлар жасауға көп көңіл талап етеді.

Кілт сөздер: кəсіпкерлік қызмет, қауіпсіздікті қамтамасыз ету, экономикалық реформалар, қауіп- қатер, тəуекел, фактор, мемлекеттік қолдау, кəсіпкерлік субъектілер.

С.Г. Симонов, С. Жанузакова

Становление предпринимательства и обеспечение безопасности бизнеса в Республике Казахстан

В статье рассмотрены этапы становления предпринимательства в Республике Казахстан, вопросы обеспечения безопасности бизнеса и анализ эволюции законодательной базы предпринимательской деятельности. Представлены принятые за годы независимости законы, стратегические планы и госу- дарственные программы по поддержке бизнеса и обеспечению безопасности. В настоящее время за- конодательство о предпринимательской деятельности представляет собой огромный массив норма- тивных правовых актов различной отраслевой принадлежности, которые систематизированы в еди- ную базу в виде Гражданского кодекса и Предпринимательского кодекса Республики Казахстан.

В целях повышения конкурентоспособности казахстанских предприятий и обеспечения безопасности за последние годы разработаны такие программы, как «План нации «100 конкретных шагов», «Нұрлы жол» на 2015–2019 годы, «ДКБ-2020». Данные программы нацелены на сохранение действующих и создание новых предприятий, а также оказание им нефинансовой поддержки по информационно- аналитическому обеспечению, развитию предпринимательского потенциала, внедрению инновацион- ных технологий, повышению производительности. Проанализирована динамика количества зарегист- рированных предприятий малого и среднего бизнеса. Подчеркнуто, что рост количества предприятий подтверждает эффективность проводимых в стране реформ, но данная тенденция свойственна лишь субъектам малых форм хозяйствования, чего нельзя сказать о среднем и крупном бизнесе. Росту по- следних препятствуют различного рода дестабилизирующие факторы, снижающие безопасность функционирования и сдерживающие дальнейший рост, такие как логистика, недостаточность финан- сирования, административные барьеры и менталитет бизнес-среды региона. Выявлен ряд дестабили- зирующих факторов, сдерживающих рост среднего и крупного бизнеса. Определено, что данные фак- торы требуют больше внимания со стороны государства, поддержки и создания благоприятных усло- вий для безопасного функционирования и дальнейшего развития предпринимательства в Казахстане.

Ключевые слова: предпринимательская деятельность, обеспечение безопасности, экономические ре- формы, угрозы, риск, фактор, государственная поддержка, субъекты предпринимательства.

References

1 Zakon SSSR ot 19 noiabria 1986 h. «Ob individualnoi trudovoi deiatelnosti» [The laws of the USSR dated November 19, 1986 «On self-employment»]. www.zaki.ru Retrieved from http://www.zaki.ru/pagesnew.php?id=1820 [in Russian].

2 Zakon SSSR ot 26 maia 1988 h. «O kooperatsii v SSSR» [USSR Law dated 26 May 1988 «On Cooperation in the USSR»].

www.zaki.ru Retrieved from http://www.zaki.ru/pagesnew.php?id=10898 [in Russian].

3 Zakon Kazakhskoi SSR ot 11 dekabria 1990 h. «O svobode khoziaistvennoi deiatelnosti» [Law of the Kazakh SSR dated 11 December 1990, «On the freedom of economic activity»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000319 [in Russian].

4 Zakon Kazakhskoi SSR ot 11 iiunia 1991 h. «Ob obrashchenii tsennykh bumah i fondovoi birzhe v Kazakhskoi SSR» [Law Kazakh SSR dated 11 June 1991 «On the circulation of securities and stock exchange in Kazakh SSR»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000532 [in Russian].

5 Zakon Kazakhskoi SSR ot 21 iiunia 1991 h. «O khoziaistvennykh tovarishchestvakh i aktsionernykh obshchestvakh» [Law Kazakh SSR dated 21 June 1991 «On Business Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000574 [in Russian].

6 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 25 dekabria 1991 h. «O nalohovoi sisteme v Respublike Kazakhstan» [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 25 December 1991 «On the tax system in the Republic of Kazakhstan»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000875 [in Russian].

7 Postanovlenie Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 10 iiunia 1994 h. «Hosudarstvennaia prohramma podderzhki i razvitiia predprinimatelstva v Respublike Kazakhstan na 1992–1994» [President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Decree dated June 10, 1994

«State program of support and development of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 1992-1994»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1003028 [in Russian].

8 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 04 iiulia 1992 h. «O zashchite i podderzhke chastnoho predprinimatelstva» [Law of the Re- public of Kazakhstan dated July 4, 1992 «On the protection and support of entrepreneurship»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1001352 [in Russian].

Ре по зи то ри й Ка рГ У

(9)

9 Ukaz Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 5 marta 1993 h. «O Natsionalnoi prohramme razhosudarstvleniia i privatizatsii v Respublike Kazakhstan na 1993–1995 h. (II-oi etap)» [The Republic of Kazakhstan President's Decree dated 5 March 1993 «On the National Program of denationalization and privatization in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 1993-1995 (II-nd stage)»]. adi- let.zan.kz Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U930001135_/links [in Russian].

10 Zakon RK ot 7 aprelia 1995 h. «O bankrotstve» [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 7 April 1995 «On Bankruptcy»].

online.zakon.kz Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1008127 [in Russian].

11 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 30 marta 1995 h. «O Natsionalnom Banke Respubliki Kazakhstan» [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 30 March 1995 «On the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1003548 [in Russian].

12 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 24 aprelia 1995 h. «O nalohakh i druhikh obiazatelnykh platezhakh v biudzhet» [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 24 April 1995 «On taxes andother mandatory payments to the budget»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007159 [in Russian].

13 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 19 iiunia 1997 h. «O hosudarstvennoi podderzhke maloho predprinimatelstva [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 19, 1997 «On State Support of Small Business]. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz /Document/?doc_id=1007970 [in Russian].

14 Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 19, 1997 «On the individual business online.zakon.kz Retrieved from http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007998 [in Russian].

15 Ukaz Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 31 dekabria 1998 h. «O hosudarstvennoi prohramme razvitiia i podderzhki maloho predprinimatelstva v Respublike Kazakhstan na 1999-2000 hh.» [The Republic of Kazakhstan Decree of the President dated December 31, 1998 «On State program of development and support of small business in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1999- 2000»]. adilet.zan.kz Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U030001268 [in Russian].

16 P. 1 st. Zakona Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 19 iiunia 1997 h. «O hosudarstvennoi podderzhke maloho predprinimatelstva»

[n. 1, Art. 3 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 19, 1997 «On state support of small business»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007970 [in Russian].

17 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 28 fevralia 1997 h. «O hosudarstvennoi podderzhke priamykh investitsii» [Law of the Re- public of Kazakhstan dated February 28, 1997 «On state support of direct investments»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1007257 [in Russian].

18 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 21 iiulia 2007 h. «O hosudarstvennykh zakupkakh» [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 21 July 2007 «On public procurements»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document /?doc_id=30115056 [in Russian].

19 Potrubach, N.N., Gorbunov, N.M., Kolosov, A.V., Maksutov, R.K. (2008). Problemy obespecheniia bezopasnosti khoziaist- vovaniia [Security issues management]. Khabarovsk: Dalnevostochnaia akademiia hosudarstvennoi sluzhby [in Russian].

20 Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 31 ianvaria 2006 h. «O chastnom predprinimatelstve» [Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 31, 2006 «On private entrepreneurship»]. online.zakon.kz Retrieved from http://online.zakon.kz /Document/?doc_id=30044096 [in Russian].

21 Prohramma Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 20 maia 2015 h. Plan natsii «100 konkretnykh shahov» [President of the Republic of Kazakhstan program on May 20, 2015 «Nation Plan» 100 concrete steps»]. adilet.zan.kz Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1500000100 [in Russian].

22 Ukaz Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 6 aprelia 2015 h. Hosudarstvennaia prohramma infrastrukturnoho razvitiia «Nurly zhol» na 2015–2019 h. [The Republic of Kazakhstan President's Decree of April 6, 2015. «The state program of infrastructure development» Nurly Zhol «for 2015-2019»]. adilet.zan.kz Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U1500001030 [in Russian].

23 Postanovlenie Pravitelstva Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 31 marta 2015 h. Ob utverzhdenii Edinoi prohrammy podderzhki i razvitiia biznesa «Dorozhnaia karta biznesa 2020» [Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated March 31, 2015.

«On approval of common programs of business support and development of the» Business Road Map 2020]. adilet.zan.kz Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1500000599 [in Russian].

24 Poslanie Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan – Lidera Natsii N.A.Nazarbaeva Narodu Kazakhstana «Stratehiia «Kazakhstan- 2050»: Novyi politicheskii kurs sostoiavshehosia hosudarstva» [Message from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Leader of the Nation N.A. Nazarbaev to the people of Kazakhstan «Strategy» Kazakhstan-2050 «: new political course of established state»].

Astana. (2012, 14 December). adilet.zan.kz Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1200002050 [in Russian].

25 Hrazhdanskii kodeks Respubliki Kazakhstan [The Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (general)]. online.zakon.kz Re- trieved from http://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=1006061 [in Russian].

26 Kodeks Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 29 oktiabria 2015 h. «Predprinimatelskii kodeks Respubliki Kazakhstan» [Code of the Re- public of Kazakhstan dated October 29, 2015 «Entrepreneurial Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. adilet.zan.kz Retrieved from http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K1500000375 [in Russian].