1. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_kljh_gb_Zlhfh\j-we_f_glh\III]jmiiuDZdh\u we_dljhggu_dhgnb]mjZpbbbo\g_rgbowg_j]_lbq_kdbomjh\g_c
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2. IjhZgZebabjmcl_oZjZdl_jbaf_g_gbyZlhfguojZ^bmkh\wg_j]bc bhgbaZpbbkjh^kl\Zdwe_dljhgmbwe_dljhhljbpZl_evghklbZlh fh\\jy^m<– AlQ_fh[mkeh\e_gZg_fhghlhgghklvbaf_g_gby wlboZlhfguooZjZdl_jbklbd\hlebqb_hl^jm]bo]jmiij-we_- f_glh\"
3. DZdb_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyijhy\eyxlmdZaZggu_we_f_glu\kh _^bg_gbyo"DZdbihq_fmbaf_gy_lkymklhcqb\hklvh^ghlbiguo kh_^bg_gbcwlbowe_f_glh\ \\ukrbo kl_i_gyohdbke_gbyijb i_j_oh^_hl[hjZdlZeebx"
4. DZdfh`ghh[tykgblvj_adh_hlebqb_nbabq_kdbobobfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ijhkluo\_s_kl\[hjZbZexfbgby"KjZ\gbl_bohlghr_
gb_d\h^_jZkl\hjZfdbkehls_ehq_cbkhe_cKhklZ\vl_mjZ\
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6. DZdbihq_fmbaf_gyxlky\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\\
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7. Q_fihobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\ZfhlebqZxlkyhdkb^[hjZhlhdkb^Z Zexfbgby]b^jhdkb^[hjZhl]b^jhdkb^ZZexfbgby"Mkh_^bg_
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8. DZdfh`ghh[tykgblvqlhijbdhfgZlghcl_fi_jZlmj_Zexfbgbc ijZdlbq_kdbg_j_Z]bjm_l\jZkl\hj_kCuSO4gh[mjgh\aZbfh
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9. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_k\hckl\Zhdkb^h\b]b^jh dkb^h\Al, Ga, InbTlKjZ\gbl_bohlghr_gb_djZkl\hjZfdbkehl bs_ehq_cIjbkmsZebZfnhl_jghklvkh_^bg_gbyflZeeby"
10. DZdb_ijhp_kkuijhl_dZxlijbihkl_i_gghf^h[Z\e_gbbba[uldZ jZkl\hjZ_^dh]hgZljZdjZkl\hjmgbljZlZZexfbgby"GZibrbl_
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11. DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky kl_i_gv ]b^jhebaZ khe_c \ jy^m Al(NO3)3 – Ga(NO3)3 – In(NO3)3 – Tl(NO3)3\jZkl\hjZokboh^bgZ dh\hcdhgp_gljZpb_c"DZdZybakhe_cTlNO3bebTl(NO3)3]b^
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12. CmevnZlZexfbgbyrbjhdhbkihevam_lky^eyhqbkldb\h^ugZ\h
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13. F_^bpbgkdbcij_iZjZl©:efZ]_evªij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcklZ[beb abjh\Zggmxkmki_gabx]b^jhdkb^h\ZexfbgbybfZ]gbyGZq_f hkgh\Zgh_]hijbf_g_gb_ijbba`h]_"Fh`ghebijbgbfZlv^Zg gucij_iZjZlijb]bihZpb^ha_ ihgb`_gghcdbkehlghklb`_em
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14. DZdh\obfbq_kdbckhklZ\ZexfhdZeb_\uod\Zkph\"GZq_fhkgh
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15. DZdb_ijhp_kkuijhl_dZxlijbhimkdZgbbZexfbgby\aylh]h\ ba[uld_\\h^gucjZkl\hjoehjb^ZZexfbgby"GZibrbl_mjZ\
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16. Fh`gh eb ihemqblv kmevnb^ Zexfbgby kf_rb\Zgb_f \h^guo jZkl\hjh\kmevnZlZZexfbgbybkmevnb^ZdZeby"Ihq_fm"DZdb_
khebZexfbgbyijbgpbibZevghg_\hafh`ghkbgl_abjh\Zlv\\h^
guojZkl\hjZo"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc 17. <q_fijbgpbibZevgh_hlebqb_\h^hjh^guokh_^bg_gbc[hjZhl
]b^jb^h\^jm]boj-we_f_glh\III]jmiiu"DZdh\ukhklZ\bkljh_
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18. AZkq_lq_]hfhe_dmeuBF3ijbkh_^bgyxldk_[_^jm]b_fhe_dmeu bebbhgugZijbf_jH2O, NH3, F-"<hafh`ghebijbkh_^bg_gb_
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19. < \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ [hjghc dbkehlu ijbkmlkl\mxl Zgbhgu [B(OH)4]-Mqblu\ZywlhgZibrbl_mjZ\g_gb_we_dljheblbq_kdhc
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20. Qlhh[jZam_lkyijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb[hjghcdbkehlukjZkl\hjhf ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby"QlhlZdh_©[mjZª"DZdh\__obfbq_kdbckh klZ\"GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ]b^jhebaZl_ljZ[hjZlZ gZ ljby\aZbfh^_ckl\by_]hkk_jghcdbkehlhc\jZkl\hj_
21. DZdb_\_s_kl\Zh[jZamxlkyijb]b^jheba_nlhjb^Zboehjb^Z[h jZ"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
22. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_[bheh]bq_kdmxjhev[hjZ\ijhp_kkZo`bag_
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23. Kh_^bg_gbydZdh]hbajZkkfZljb\Z_fuowe_f_glh\gZb[he__lhd kbqgu"=^_hgbgZoh^ylijbf_g_gb_"DZdb_f_juij_^hklhjh`
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24. Kf_kvZexfbgbykkmevnb^hfZexfbgbyjZa^_ebebgZjZ\gu_
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\h^hjh^Z \ayluc \ ba[uld_ \u^_ebeZkv kf_kv ]Zah\ h[t_fhf egmJZkkqblZlvfZkkmbkoh^ghckf_kbbfZkkh\u_^heb
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25. >eyih^dhjfdbdhfgZlguojZkl_gbcbkihevam_lkyjZkl\hj\fe dhlhjh]hkh^_j`blky[hjfZkkhcÂ-4]JZkkqblZcl_fZkkm[mju g_h[oh^bfhc^eyijb]hlh\e_gbylZdh]hjZkl\hjZh[t_fhfe 26. AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcjZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb_glu
ZB + HNO dhgp: [) B2H6 + NaH :
\Na[BH4] + H2O :
]H3BO3 + NaOHjZkl\hj:
^) Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + H2O : _) Al + KOH + H2O :
`) Al+ NaOH(jZkieZ\) : a) Al + HNO3(hq. jZa[Z\e.):
b) Al + NaNO3 + NaOH + H2O : d) Al2O3 + K2CO3 →t
e) Al2O3 + KOH + H2O : f) Na3[Al(OH)6] + CO2: g) Na[Al(OH)4(H2O)2] →t
h) K3AlO3 + H2O : i) AlN + HCl(ba[ulhd): j) Al(OH)3 + NaF(ba[ulhd) : k) Al2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3 + H2O : l) Al(NO3)3 →t
m) Al(OH)3 + Al2(SO4)3:
n) Al2S3 + KOH(ba[ulhd) + H2O : oAl4C3 + H2O :
27. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijbihfhsbdhlhjuofh`ghhkm s_kl\blvke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby
Z) Al :1D3AlO3:$O2O3:>$O2+2]2SO4:$O&O3;
[) Na3[Al(OH)6] :$O2(SO4)3:$O2O3:$O2+3:$O2O3;
\) Al(NO3)3 :$O&O3:1D3[Al(OH)6] :$O2+3:$O2S3; ]) Al :$O1:$O123)3 :$O:.$O22:$O2O3.