I am sure that all graduates of the MPH 2019 class will do their best to improve public health in Kazakhstan. To evaluate knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, use of antibiotics and behavior towards antibiotics in the general population of Astana, Kazakhstan. To find associations between socio-demographic characteristics, use of antibiotics, knowledge and behavior towards antibiotics and antibiotic resistance.
46% and 35% of respondents do not know that gonorrhea or skin infections or wound infections are treated with antibiotics. Women, people who were advised by a health professional, people in the 40-50 age group, people who have children, participants with a doctorate and people who used antibiotics more than a year ago had statistically significantly better knowledge about antibiotics. People across age groups and participants with college and graduate degrees had statistically significant lower knowledge about antibiotic resistance.
Women, people without children, participants who were advised by a health professional, and respondents with better knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance had better attitudes towards antibiotics. As advice from healthcare professionals is positively related to knowledge and behavior towards antibiotics, it is important to encourage healthcare professionals to give instructions to patients.
Introduction
Research also shows that there are links between knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance and behavior towards antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, the use of antibiotics and the behavior towards antibiotics of the general population in Astana, Kazakhstan. Another goal is to find links between demographic characteristics, antibiotic use, knowledge and behavior regarding antibiotics and antibiotic resistance.
Methods
- Study design and sampling
- Data collection and cleaning
- Data analysis
- Variables
- Ethical consideration
Bivariate analysis was performed using linear and logistic regressions to find statistically significant unadjusted predictors of knowledge about antibiotics, knowledge about antibiotic resistance and behavior regarding antibiotics. Multivariate analysis was done using linear regression and logistic regression and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. Knowledge about antibiotics was assessed by performing logistic regression with the outcome of “when to stop using antibiotics”.
The knowledge assessment also included an assessment of knowledge about which diseases can be treated with antibiotics (7 items) using linear regression. Antibiotic resistance knowledge was assessed using an 8-item questionnaire on various antibiotic resistance terms. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine of Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
To be eligible for the survey, respondents must provide consent, must be at least 18 years old, and must be able to read and write in Kazakh, Russian, or English.
Results
Univariate analysis
- Use of antibiotics
- Knowledge about antibiotics
- Knowledge about antibiotic resistance
- Behavior towards antibiotics
More than half of the respondents (61.11%) slightly or strongly disagree with the statement "It is okay to use antibiotics that were given to a friend or family member, as long as they were used to treat the same disease ", while 30.56% slightly or strongly agree with it. 77.12% of the respondents correctly identified that bladder infection or urinary tract infection can also be treated with antibiotics. A large proportion of the respondents (65.19%) correctly answered that skin or wound infection can be cured with antibiotics.
Half of the answers on whether colds or flu can be treated with antibiotics were incorrect, as 50.23% responded that antibiotics will help cure a cold or flu. However, most people (88.26%) understand that “Many infections are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatment” is true. Also, the majority of participants (83.75%) answered correctly to the question “If bacteria are resistant to antibiotics, it can be very difficult or even impossible to treat the infections they cause” and that is true.
69.68% of respondents identified that the statement "Antibiotic resistance is a problem that can affect me or my family" is correct. Only 50% of participants know that the statement "Bacteria resistant to antibiotics can be spread from person to person" is true.
Bivariate analysis
- Knowledge about antibiotics
- Knowledge about antibiotic resistance
- Behavior towards antibiotics
Bivariate analysis of the unadjusted association between antibiotic resistance knowledge and independent variables is shown in Table 9. Multivariate analysis of the adjusted association between antibiotic resistance knowledge and independent variables is shown in Table 13. Antibiotic resistance knowledge has 6 statistically significant predictors: age , gender, level of education, knowledge about antibiotics assessed in 3 ways (when to stop antibiotics, agree with the statement, score of knowledge about which diseases are treated with antibiotics).
Gender, having children, advice from the health worker, knowledge about antibiotics (when to stop taking antibiotics and compliance with the statement) and knowledge about antibiotic resistance were found to be antibiotic behaviours. Additionally, knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was found to be positively associated with appropriate antibiotic use -- consistent with findings from the UK (Anderson, 2018). There is also a positive association between increased antibiotic knowledge and antibiotic resistance with appropriate antibiotic behavior.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when your body becomes resistant to antibiotics and they no longer work as well (false)”. Antibiotic Resistance Knowledge Antibiotic Knowledge (When to Stop Taking Antibiotics) Wrong Answer Correct Answer.
Multivariate analysis
- Knowledge about antibiotics (when to stop consuming antibiotics)
- Knowledge about antibiotics (which diseases are treated by antibiotics)
- Knowledge about antibiotic resistance
- Behavior towards antibiotics
Discussion
Strength and limitations
To our knowledge, this is the first study in Kazakhstan to assess public knowledge, use, and behavior toward antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Risk groups with lower knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, as well as risk groups with inappropriate behavior were identified, and the findings of the current research can serve as a basis for future studies about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance.
Conclusion
Online health information and public knowledge, attitudes and behavior about antibiotics in the UK: a multiple regression analysis of Wellcome Monitor and Eurobarometer data. Public knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use and resistance: findings from a cross-sectional study among Palestinian adults. In the last month In the last 3 months In the last 6 months In the last year More than a year ago I don't remember.
Have you ever missed your prescribed dose? such as the common cold) in the past year. Knowledge about antibiotics ("It's okay to use antibiotics that were given to a friend or family member, as long as they were used to treat the same illness"). The study is needed to compare the levels of knowledge, use and behavior towards antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among individuals in Astana.
The study does not pose any greater risks than might be encountered in everyday life. If you are uncomfortable answering any question in the attached questionnaire, you can skip it. There are no direct benefits, but your participation will benefit society and help develop antibiotic resistance intervention programs.
You agree to participate anonymously and answer the questions in the questionnaire. Were you given antibiotics (or a prescription for them) by a doctor or nurse on that occasion. Did you receive advice from a doctor, nurse or pharmacist on how to take them.
Ask if the answer is YES @ 14) to 'Fabric resistance' Where did you hear the term: 'Fabric resistance'. Ask for the answer YES @ 14) to 'Antibiotic-resistant bacteria' Where have you heard the term: 'Antibiotic-resistant bacteria'. Antibiotic resistance is a problem in other countries, but not here Antibiotic resistance is only a problem for people who take antibiotics regularly. Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics can spread from person to person Antibiotic-resistant infections can cause medical procedures such as surgery, organ transplants and Cancer.
On the scale shown, how much do you agree that the following measures would help eliminate the problem of antibiotic resistance. I am concerned about the impact antibiotic resistance will have on my health and the health of my family.
