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Mother's index in Kazakhstan

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Mother's index in Kazakhstan

Technical Report · December 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27902.82240

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Mother’s index in Kazakhstan

Medet Kassimov Arman Yelesh Bakyt Zhazykbekov

Professor:

Timur Abilkassymov

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Outline

Executive summary 2

Preface 3

Challenges 4

Methodology 5

Results 8

Conclusion 2​8

Appendixes 30

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1. Executive summary

Mother’s index was decided to be considered in order to reveal, which region of Kazakhstan is the most appropriate for being a mother. It has covered several crucial areas as demographical, ecological, social and economical conditions in the country.

However, we have followed particular aims and determined measurable tasks to obtain results that will be described below.

The purpose of the research was an examination of conditions that affect lives and wealth of citizens to be a mother. As a basis for this comprehensive analysis Methodology of Mother’s Index has been used. Main concepts and direction have been followed in this research. Moreover, our research was specified regarding to national features.

Before the research has started certain hypotheses have been defined. First of all, there is an expectation that cities with highly developed economical conditions are most likely to be in the top of the list. Secondly, essential factors such as high birth rates, low number of divorces and clean ecology will be most applicable for south regions.

Figure 1: Index

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2. Preface

Kazakhstan is a growing country with population of 18 million people. During almost 30 years of having independence it was populated by 16 million citizens. Such insignificant growth is related to periodic outflow of people from Kazakhstan to Russia and other countries. However, currently population of the country is growing by approximately 1.2% per year on average.

According to the Ministry of National Economy of Kazakhstan, our country will be populated by 20 million citizens by 2030. Moreover, this growth is highly correlated with level of urbanization that will achieve 60% level.

Those factors definitely relay crucial problems that may occur in the future. First of all, growing population will require systematic approach in all living aspects.

Education, medicine and infrastructure should become the most important areas for consideration in the following years.

Secondly, extensive problems regarding mothers having 4 children or more under age 18 have been occuring during 2019 extremely sharply. As of 30th September 2019 there are 320 thousand such families in Kazakhstan. It has to be highlighted that the number of strikes had happened in Astana. The main requirements of mothers were providing housing and addressed social financial aids. Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of population of the Republic of Kazakhstan has stated that addressed social aid will be paid since 1st January 2020 in amount of 320 million.

Those two factors described above, challenged the research team in terms of deep analysis of roots of problems that had arisen during the year. Factors such as healthcare, ecology, education, economic and social conditions are the most relevant indicators reflecting areas that people are concerned in.

There was an idea to make quantitative analysis that will show major difference between regions. One region may be in the top of one aspect, in addition it can be represented as an outlier in another. Aggregate index will place regions relative to one another.

Thirdly, the last point was a case, when 5 little girls died in Astana due to the fire in

“home” with coal burned oven. During the fire parent were at work. They even were not able to rescue their children. This case shows, that unknown number of families are not able to support own families in all aspects.

Reflecting arguments above decision for Mother’s Index calculation was made. The index that has been calculated will be a mirror of current situation in the country.

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3. Challenges

Research team has faced with some significant challenges in index calculation. The most challenging are:

1. Data quality - for this research databases of Statistics committee of Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (​ http://stat.gov.kz/has been used.

One part of the data was represented on the committee’s official website, another part was on Taldau (​https://taldau.stat.gov.kz/​) analytical service under this committee. It has to be taken into account that Statistics committee is not independent brunch, that is why there are a lot of possibilities for data changes and performance deviation.

2. Data consistency and completeness - lack of unified standard of data representation. Figures have different periodicity. For instance, one variable has all values from 1990 till today, while another might be represented only for the last period. There are a lot of opportunities to gather monthly, quarterly and yearly data where its appropriate and feasible. Furthermore, some cases where statistics of particular variable was not gathering periodically, if there are missing values in one year, they were not fulfilled later.

3. Yearly data was used in order to calculate Mother’s index. There is an important issue that research team has faced with is a multicollinearity of variables. This occurred due to a limited time interval and correlation between several variables.

According to this, regression analysis was not used in the research. However, correlation analysis will be presented in chapters below.

4. Shymkent & Turkestan splitting - main city of South Kazakhstan region, Shymkent city, received the status of a city of national significance, due to population exceeding 1 million citizens. South Kazakhstan region was renamed to Turkestan region. There is a problem that data of Shymkent and South Kazakhstan was considered together prior to 2017 year’s data. In 2018 Shymkent and Turkestan regions have detailed and separated statistics. For that reason Shymkent city may have lower performance than expected due to the lack of information.

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4. Methodology

For the index calculation variables were divided by main factors such as economic, healthcare, ecology, education and social conditions. Those factors play extremely important role in index calculation.

Healthcare factor includes:

● Number of citizens per one hospital

● Birth rate per 1000 citizens

● Mortality rate of children per 1000 citizens

● Number of hospital beds for children per 10000 citizens Education factor includes:

● Number of children per 100 places in kindergarten

● Number of students per 1 school Ecological factor includes:

● Volume of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by enterprises that increased pollutant emissions (metric ton)

● Number of districts included in environmental disaster areas Economic factor includes:

● Ratio of the Average monthly nominal income of the population to the Cost of Living

● Average monthly nominal wage of one employee among women (in KZT)

● Unemployment rate women (in %)

● CPI basket of consumer goods for children

● Primary and secondary housing market price per 1 m2 (in KZT) Social factor includes:

● Rate of marriages per 1000 citizens

● Rate of divorces per 1000 citizens

● Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

● Number of children admitted to the orphanage during the year

Variables described above were filtered out by highest to lowest values and classified by regions. If the performance region is positive it was ranked as first and 100%

points were assigned for this region. It has allowed to identify weak and strong features of Kazakhstan’s regions.

Finally, assigned points were summarized for obtaining aggregate score of index.

Indices were calculated within 2012 - 2018 time frame. Only this period had sufficient quality and consistency of data.

VARIABLE CRITERIA HIGHER LOWER

Birth rate per 1000 citizens HEALTHCARE BETTER WORSE

Mortality rate of children per 1000 citizens HEALTHCARE WORSE BETTER

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Number of children per 100 places in kindergarten EDUCATION WORSE BETTER

Number of students per 1 school EDUCATION WORSE BETTER

Volume of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by

enterprises that increased pollutant emissions (metric ton) ECOLOGICAL WORSE BETTER Number of districts included in environmental disaster areas ECOLOGICAL WORSE BETTER Ratio of the Average monthly nominal income of the population

to the Cost of Living ECONOMIC BETTER WORSE

Unemployment rate women (in %) ECONOMIC WORSE BETTER

Average monthly nominal wage of one employee among

women (in KZT) ECONOMIC BETTER WORSE

CPI basket of consumer goods for children ECONOMIC WORSE BETTER

Primary and secondary housing market price per 1 m2 (in KZT) ECONOMIC WORSE BETTER

Rate of marriages per 1000 citizens SOCIAL BETTER WORSE

Rate of divorces per 1000 citizens SOCIAL WORSE BETTER

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2) SOCIAL BETTER WORSE

Figure 2: Points appointment criteria

The table above illustrates the way how variables have been ranked for index calculation. For example, if the region has the highest birth rate it will be ranked on 1st place, because of relatively large number of children born, therefore 100% points will be assigned and visa versa.

BETTER WORSE

Place 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Points 100% 94% 88% 82% 76% 71% 65% 59% 53% 47% 41% 35% 29% 24% 18% 12% 6%

Figure 3: Range line

This range line gives an opportunity to assign appropriate percentage for each region in scope. The research team ran a regression model in order to reveal interdependence between index performance and variables participated in calculation. The aim of this model was to identify beta coefficients of each variable.

Beta coefficients show sensitivity of each variable relatively to index value. However, after regression was ran multicollinearity problem had been taken place.

Figure 4: Regression model

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Figure 5: Collinearity problem

The figure above shows that values for several variables were omitted, however they are represented completely. There was decided to make standardization of variables, it was difficult to get rid off the problem of multicollinearity. Those actions were applied for all regression models by each region. Unfortunately, model for future forecasting was not feasible. The first fact is insufficiency and quality of data. At least 30 observations are required to conduct running. The second one is slight correlation among of couple of variables, which did not give option to proceed. In addition, several variables were removed from the model, however significant results has not been obtained.

Figure 6: Correlation matrix

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5. Results

Finally, assigned points were summarized for obtaining aggregate score of index.

Indices were calculated within 2012 - 2018 time frame. Only this period had sufficient quality and consistency of data.

According to the results represented below the most appropriate city to be a mother is a capital of Kazakhstan - Astana city. Index 11.59 reflects all factors described in the methodology and illustrates that conditions of life are high. The city has high salaries, competitive education, technologically equipped hospitals compared to other cities and regions.

Place Region Index

1 Astana 11,59

2 Mangystau region 11,06

3 Almaty 10,35

4 Kyzylorda region 10,29

5 Atyrau region 10,18

6 Akmola region 9,65

7 West Kazakhstan region 9,65

8 Turkestan region 9,41

9 Shymkent 9,12

10 Zhambyl region 8,65

11 North Kazakhstan region 8,41

12 Aktobe region 7,88

13 Almaty region 7,82

14 Pavlodar region 7,59

15 Karagandy region 7,29

16 Kostanay region 7,06

17 East Kazakhstan region 6,53

Figure 7: Mother’s index in 2018 by regions

Mangystau region has very good performances in high birth rate and citizens’ wealth.

High performance is mostly related to economic specification of Oil & Gas production.

While, the lowest performance of East Kazakhstan region is determined by the poor performance in social, healthcare and ecological factors. Weak figures in social and healthcare is usual for northern regions which is resulted in low places for Kostanay and Pavlodar regions.

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HEALTHCARE

If pregnancy is not always a planned act, then having a baby is a choice that you have a certain amount of time to make, depending on the circumstances. Many factors can influence this choice, and we will start with the general situation in the healthcare sector.

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

Figure 8: Birth rate per 1000 citizens

One of the main variables for calculation of mother index is the birth rate in Kazakhstan. The figure above shows the birth rate per 1000 citizens in 2018.

Mangystau region and Astana has the highest birth rate in the country. Northern regions have the lowest birth rate, especially Kostanay with birth rate 13,3 children born per 1000 citizens and North Kazakhstan region with the birth rate 12,93 children born per 1000 citizens. At the same time all southern regions keep high birth date.

This difference in birth rate occurs at least for the last 6 years. It is probably related to migrational mood in Northern regions and difference in regional distinctions between North and South where traditionally southern families have more babies in family in comparison with northern families.

It is systematic question that government tries to handle by initiating programs of resettling population from southern Kazakhstan to northern regions.

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Mortality rate of children per 1000 citizens

Figure 9: Mortality rate of children per 1000 citizens

In contrast to the birth rate, we also used the infant mortality rate per 1,000 people in our calculations. These statistics reflect the sad but necessary information about the level of child mortality in the regions, which can act as an indicator of the level of prenatal and postnatal care for newborns, as well as the level of medical services in the regions.

Kostanay and newly created Turkestan and Shymkent regions have the highest level of mortality rate of children per 1000 citizens equal to 12. The situation of Turkestan and especially Shymkent occurs due to the high birth rate and and lack of infrastructure. Further in our work we wrote about the number of citizens per hospital by regions where Shymkent has one of the largest amount of citizens per one hospital but Turkestan has the smallest amount. Turkestan is newly created region which is mostly rural where there is not enough qualified medical specialists and people still go for medical care to big city such as Shymkent. Especially people who live in small towns close to Shymkent somehow have local registration in order to have medical care in Shymkent

In situation with Kostanay everything is sad. Having the lowest birth rate and the highest mortality rate of children per 1000 citizens at the same time cause negative effect in natural increase in population in this region. At the same time Kostanay has low level of citizens per hospital. We can't understand this situation and we assume that Kostanay region does not have enough qualified medical specialists.

Government has to solve this situation by increasing the quality of medical care for pregnant women and newborn children.

Mangystau and Atyrau regions have mortality rate of children per 1000 citizens 3 and 5 respectively. Which is the lowest indicator. We assume that it was possible due to

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the fact that these regions are very rich of oil and government provided region with good medical infrastructure and qualified personnel.

Number of citizens per one hospital

Figure 10: Number of citizens per one hospital

Also we included in our index calculation variable that shows the number of citizens per one hospital. It provides us with information on occupancy of hospitals in regions and availability of medical services to population.

In accordance with the above chart Pavlodar region has the highest number of citizens per one hospital. Such a big load for hospitals may bring to situation where sick people may be left without medical care especially if pregnant women need medical care. This situation may increase mortality rate of children. In case of Pavlodar region this region is “lucky” to have one of the lowest birth rate among other regions and this may be one of the reasons that Pavlodar has lower mortality rate.

Turkestan region has the lowest number of citizens per one hospital which is equals to 13965 people per hospital. Taking into consideration large population on rural areas of Turkestan region and small number of towns with well developed medical infrastructure we assume that people of Turkestan region have official registration in Shymkent. This may explain overload of Shymkent`s indicator of number of citizens per hospital.

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Number of hospital beds for children per 10000 citizens

Figure 11: Number of hospital beds for children per 10000 citizens in 2018

The variable has been chosen in order to reflect sufficiency of hospital beds for children in case of sickness and emergency. It is important to know current capacity of hospitals within regions and number of little patients that hospitals are ready to accept. In case of emergency hospitals should be ready to provide highly-qualified treatment and services for children.

The figure above shows the number of hospital beds for children per 10000 citizens in 2018. Astana has the highest number of hospital beds compared to others, there are 18 beds for 10000 children. It is reinforced with the fact that Astana is populated by over 1 million citizens. Unfortunately, Almaty city has twice less hospital beds for children per 10000 citizens while population of Almaty is 1.85 million. Last 4 years East, West Kazakhstan and Mangystau region had more than 15 hospital beds, such reduction is caused by substantial reduction in number of hospital beds for children. It is probably related to reducing number of sickness among children and reallocation of hospital beds.

It can be seen that average number of hospital beds for children per 10000 is equal 10. According to the data of World Health Organization, Kazakhstan had 67.18 hospital beds per 10000 population (​https://www.who.int/data/​) in 2013, while average number of hospital beds worldwide is 26.07.

This variable describes the only capacity of hospitals and does not relate to the number of children sick. However, increasing population may affect that more places will be required in the future. It is systematic question that need to be considered by government during the budget planning. Summarizing all this performance is changed over the last 6 years and has average trend within regions.

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EDUCATION

Being a mother means not only giving birth, but also raising a child. Government has to provide assistance in this, both directly through allowances and benefits, and indirectly, through infrastructure.

Number of children per 100 places in kindergarten

Figure 12: Number of children per 100 places in kindergarten

Pre-school education or simply kindergarten is the beginning of continuous education that plays a very important role in the development of children and preparation for systematic education. For this reason parents seek places in kindergartens.

When analyzing the number of children per 100 places by regions, there was a scarcity of places in Aktobe, Kostanay, Pavlodar and Karagandy regions. At the same time kindergartens in Kyzylorda, Shymkent, Almaty and North Kazakhstan are not loaded.

In 2018, Aktobe and Kostanay regions have the highest number of children per 100 places in kindergarten which mean that these regions has the highest demand for pre-school educational establishments

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Number of students per 1 school

Figure 13: Number of students per 1 school

As the continuation of education parents seek places in schools for their children and availability of places in good schools motivate parents to move from rural areas to big towns or even to other regions.

Astana, Almaty and Mangistau regions as magnets for young people are very attractive for this reason many young people move there in order to build a career or simply improve their living conditions, As a result large number of young couples forms in that regions as well as migrates from other regions. This brings to high level of birth rate which creates higher demand for schools. For this reason, seeing these three regions in top in indicator of number of students per 1 school is not a surprise.

At the same time northern regions of Kazakhstan such as Akmola, Kostanay and North Kazakhstan have the lowest number of students per 1 school such as 217 students, 207 students and 146 students respectively. Main reason is that these three regions have the lowest birth rate. Also Kostanay and North Kazakhstan region have higher abroad migration mood in comparison with other regions. As a result, northern regions have lower demand for places in schools.

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ECOLOGY

Ecology is another factor that influences a family’s decision to have a baby. This is especially important in a country where on the one hand there was a nuclear test site, on the other, one of the largest lakes in the world had dried up.

Volume of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by enterprises that increased pollutant emissions (metric ton)

Figure 14: Volume of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by enterprises that increased pollutant emissions (metric ton) in 2018

As ecological factor we have used statistics of Volume of pollution in atmosphere by regions made by large enterprises in 2018. It is significant problem directly related to the health of citizens of Kazakhstan. It has to be taken into account that north and central regions have production plants and manufacturing, which required to burn coal for energy generating purposes. If economy will grow it is clearly understandable that country will increase production of energy therefore pollution will be increased respectively.

According to the official statistics, pollutant emission into the atmosphere by enterprises was amounted at 1.34 million metric ton in 2018. 45.4 % of pollution was made by Pavlodar region which had received the lowest point 0.06 in overall index especially by this criteria. 2nd place from the end is taken by Karagandy region, which emitted 191.72 thousand metric tons of harmful substances. The cleanest region in Kazakhstan is Astana, that has received 1.00 point in aggregate index.

Moreover, regions such as Turkestan, Kyzylorda, Zhambyl and Shymkent have clean air compare to others. Those regions are concentrated on agricultural production, trading and services.

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All regions were ranked by emission volume, the lowest performance has been nominate for maximum point, which is 1.00. If region makes low emissions it is a great performance. However, the Ministry of Ecology of the Republic of Kazakhstan has to be concerned about this problem and increase requirements for producers.

Number of districts included in environmental disaster areas

Figure 15: Number of districts included in environmental disaster areas

The chart above shows the number of districts that have been occupied by ecological disaster in Kazakhstan. There are 37 districts classified by different levels of criticality. Classification is represented as follows: 1

1) Radiation Risk Zone (Extreme, Maximum, High and Minimal radiation level);

2) Environmental Zone (Disaster, Crisis, Pre Crisis).

Radiation Risk Zone includes mostly East Kazakhstan region, partially Pavlodar and Karagandy regions. Radiation is caused by nuclear tests of Soviet Union. 456 nuclear tests were made on Semipalatinsk polygon.

The second Environmental zone of critical disasters is related to Aral sea ecological problem. This catastrophe affects Kyzylorda, Aktobe and Karagandy regions by salt and sand storms. Reduction of water level in the sea caused by irrational use of water for irrigation agro purposes.

According to the statistics mentioned, regions had received deduction points for overall index value. If the region has inceint amount of districts involved in ecological disaster is priority reason to reduce points.

1 ​https://egov.kz/cms/ru/articles/for_unemployed/ecological_disaster_zones

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ECONOMIC

It is obvious that the economic issue is one of the most important, and certainly the most important from a rational point of view, which, however, is not so trivial for women. Below is a list of economic factors that we have chosen to calculate the index.

Ratio of the Average monthly nominal income of the population to the Cost of Living

Figure 16: Average monthly nominal income of the population to the Cost of Living in 2018

The main indicator of the economic component is earnings. However, absolute or nominal income indicators excluding expenses distort the understanding of the real value of money earned. Therefore, in order to determine the difference between incomes between regions, we adjusted the nominal income of the region by the cost of living of this region. This should smooth out the difference between, for example, the Atyrau and Turkestan regions. The cost of living is calculated in accordance with the rules jointly approved by the ministries of health and the national economy. Also, despite the fact that in the future we will take into account the fact that women can give birth to children without a family, in this variable we took into account profitability indicators for the entire population, men and women.

The first places in this indicator were expectedly taken by the Atyrau region, Astana and Almaty, and the last places by the southern regions. Average is 3,62 and it is the same as in 2017 and a little less than 2016, where average indicator was 3,65.

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The dynamics of the indicator are consistent and without sharp fluctuations since 2012, however, we expect that in the future Shymkent will show growth at least to the level of average figures.

Average monthly nominal wage of one employee among women

Figure 17: Average monthly nominal wage of one employee among women in 2018 in thousands tenge

Next, we want to look more deeply at the spread in salaries by region directly for women. Since we are interested in the income spread rather than the absolute values, we did not adjust our income to a cost of living. Our assumption was that the adjusted incomes of the population and the nominal incomes of women did not correlate strongly, so we used both indicators to calculate the index. Unfortunately, after modeling the regression, the variables turned out to be highly correlated (96%), as indicated on the correlation matrix.

The first 4 places are occupied by the same regions as in the previous variable, while the gap between them by the remaining regions only widened, these regions did not even reach the average salary of 124k tenge. Compared with the previous variable, Astana and Atyrau swapped places, while Atyrau is more likely to compete with Almaty than trying to get closer to Astana. It is also worth noting the relatively high earnings of women in the East Kazakhstan region, and the surprising low positions of the Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions

Additionally, we notice that women's incomes are growing on average higher than the total incomes of the population since 2012.

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Unemployment rate women

Figure 18: Unemployment rate women in 2018 in %

In addition to the size of the salary, the possibility of finding work itself must be taken into account. Difficulties in finding work affect decision-making in the life of a person, especially when it is about having a baby. We understand that no one is studying detailed and narrowly targeted unemployment statistics when planning a family and/or giving birth to a child, but we believe that this indicator is intuitively perceived by women and reflects some concern.

The highest unemployment rate in the Mangystau region, Almaty and Almaty region, the smallest percentage is as anticipated in Astana and the northern regions.

Average rate is 5,3% which means that 11 of 17 regions are below the average. This further underlines the high share of unemployment among women in the Mangystau region. At the same time, 7% is the lowest figure since 2012, when the unemployment rate was 6.5%. The rating reflects the national characteristics of each of the regions, so women from the south and west are more likely to housekeeping, unlike the northern and eastern women.

Globally, according to World Bank researches women's unemployment in Kazakhstan is slightly lower than the global average, which was 5.42% in 2018. 2

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CPI basket of consumer goods for children

Figure 19: CPI basket of consumer goods for children

Even if citizens have high salaries there is always concern about the way how they will spend it. Increase in prices for daily goods decreases consumption and people try to save money. This may affect their daily behavior and constant increase in prices for goods used for baby care may bring people to idea to limit the number of children or delay baby birth to future periods. For this reason we also included CPI basket of consumer goods for children. The basket include baby soap, child nutrition, children's knitwear and hosiery, baby socks, baby underpants, baby tights, children's trousers made of cotton, wool and blended fabrics, pram and baby diapers.

According to the figure 19 highest CPI basket of consumer goods for children is in Zhambyl, Almaty and Atyrau regions which is equal to 110.

At the same time two newly created regions Shymkent and Turkestan have lowest CPI. We assume that prices for goods in these two regions are artificially held by local and republican authorities in order two have good view in the eyes of citizens and show us that decision on separation of these two regions was right and that they can coexist independently from each other without negative effect on population such as increase in prices for daily goods.

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Primary and secondary housing market price per 1 m2

Figure 20: Primary and secondary housing market price per 1 m2 in 2018 in thousand tenge

Another basic need for a family is the presence of their own home, as its absence or constant moving to rented apartments does not add a desire to have children. It is especially relevant to our country with high mortgage rates, it is hard for people to think about tomorrow when they are not sure about the present. We did not add the cost of renting apartments to the rating, since we believe that rented apartments are not a solution. We also took the average cost of primary and secondary housing, since, firstly, this does not play a big role for families, and secondly, the cost of new and secondary apartments is not much different.

In the top of the rating are Astana, Almaty and western regions. The presence of Shymkent in 5th place is not due to the fact that it received the status of a city of republican significance, since it has been on it for the last 5 years. At the same time, we expect that in the near future it will overtake the Mangystau region, in which the cost of housing has continued to fall since 2015, when it was approximately at the price level of Almaty. We also expect an increase in the cost of apartments in the Turkestan region to the level of the Zhambyl and Kyzylorda regions.

The average cost of apartments has been growing since 2016 and amounts to 199.5k tenge. Here we also see the stratification between Astana, Almaty, the western regions and other regions of the country.

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SOCIAL

In order to have and raise a child, the family needs to interact with society, and this society also affects decision-making of the family.

Rate of marriages and divorces per 1000 citizens

Figure 21: Rate of marriages and divorces per 1000 citizens in 2018

Rate of marriages variable was included in Mother’s Index calculation. We describe the results of marriages rates, which show that the highest number of marriages are in Astana. 10.81 marriages per 1000 citizens is observed in the capital of Kazakhstan. It is important to highlight the fact that economically flourishing regions such as Almaty, Mangystau and Atyrau have the highest number of couples married.

Nevertheless, north regions such as Kostanay, North Kazakhstan and Akmola have extremely low rates.

Rate of divorces has been also considered in this research. The lowest number of divorces are represented in Turkestan, Kyzylorda, Mangystau, Zhambyl and Atyrau regions. The rate is below 2.5 per 1000 citizens, which illustrates relatively good picture of strengths of family institution. Moreover, it might be highlighted that south regions are very strict in divorces matters, there is high probability to save family.

North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar and Kostanay regions have high number of marriages and high number of divorces. This problem is quite predictable. The average trend is reducing rate of marriages and slightly increasing number of divorces among couples in Kazakhstan.

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Availability of housing per 1 citizen

Figure 22: Availability of housing per 1 citizen per 1m2 in 2018

The availability of housing, which is defined as the ratio of the total area of dwellings (in square meters) to the number of people living in them, is also an important factor in the birth of a child. This is especially true after the fire in Koktal this winter.

Despite the large population, the leaders are Astana, Almaty and Shymkent. The average figure is 21.9 square meters, and this figure has been steadily growing since 2012. The southern regions of the country are located at the end of the rating, which is probably due to the fact that in a warm climate it is cheaper and more convenient for the population to build their own cottages. Square of these houses is difficult to truly measure and in such houses usually several families live at once, that is, the number of residents is higher.

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Number of children admitted to the orphanage during the year

Figure 23: Number of children admitted to the orphanage in 2018

This variable shows how much children are admitted to the orphanage. The team has decided to add this variable into index in order to reveal,in which regions the children are the most likely to be rejected from their parents. 195 children were admitted to orphanage in Karagandy region, while 189 children in East-Kazakhstan region.

Those regions are leading anti record positions.

Turkestan region is in the top of this rating due to the fact that all children are living with their parents in families. Mangystau, West-Kazakhstan regions have low numbers, which tend to zero. According to the UNICEF Kazakhstan, around 80% of children admitted to orphanage have parents and relatives. Due to several reasons, parents were limited in parent’s rights, they rejected from their children or died.

Nevertheless, during the last 10 years number of such children dramatically reduced from 10 thousand to 5 thousand currently.

The government is aimed to make children happy by moving them to patronage families that will care and support them. This approach will show great results in the future, if program will be completed.

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ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION

Since we could not allocate the weights for the variables through regression, we wanted to find out how strongly each cluster affects the overall rating of the region. It is clear that economic factors have a greater impact than environmental ones, since with the equal weight of each variable in the index there are 5 economic variables and only 2 environmental ones. Therefore, we calculated the rating for the regions within separate cluster in order to see the champions in each of them.

We added the values of variables in each cluster and divided by the number of variables in this cluster. For example, we summed values of the variables “Number of children per 100 places in kindergarten” and “Number of students per 1 school” from the education factors and divided resulting number by 2 - number of variables in education cluster.

We get sub-indexes (tables are presented in the Appendix) and assigned ranking places from 1 to 17 for each region in each of the ratings. Next, we added up these serial numbers and divided on the number of clusters (5) and got a new index with an alternative calculation method.

Place Region Index Alternative

1 Astana 5.40 =

2 Almaty 6.60 +1

3 Akmola region 6.60 +3

4 West Kazakhstan region 6.60 +3

5 Mangystau region 6.80 -3

6 Kyzylorda region 7.40 -2

7 Atyrau region 7.60 -2

8 Zhambyl region 8.20 2

9 Shymkent 8.60 =

10 Turkestan region 9.20 -2

11 Almaty region 9.40 +2

12 North Kazakhstan region 10.40 -1

13 Aktobe region 11.00 -1

14 Pavlodar region 11.60 =

15 Karagandy region 12.00 =

16 Kostanay region 12.80 =

17 East Kazakhstan region 12.80 =

Figure 24: Alternative calculation for Mother’s Index in 2018

In this method, the lower the index, the higher the position of the region in the ranking. For example, Astana index 5.4 is calculated from 8th position in the sub-index of social factors, 1st places in the health and environmental clusters, 2nd

(28)

SURVEY

No matter how you consider the index, Astana confidently takes first place in Kazakhstan. In order to understand whether Astana is so desirable for expectant mothers, we decided to interview friends of women who were born in another city and had the opportunity to give birth in another place, but they gave birth in Astana. Total number of respondents is 31 women.

We understand that this will be a very narrow sample, since they are all respondents from the same social (have work, education, at the time of birth, everyone was married) and age (25 - 35) group, which is why the sample is unlikely to be representative. But this is how we learn the factors of influence for at least part of the population.

Figure 25: Share of influencing factors of respondents

Mostly girls moved to Astana because of infrastructure, the quality of local schools and hospitals outweigh its relative high cost and density. Particularly indicative is the example of the girl named Gaziza, who lived and worked with her husband in Beijing, but she came to give birth in Astana. According to her, the main reason was the poor quality of maternity hospitals in China. It should also be noted that Gaziza was from Almaty, and her parents lived there at that time.

For 2 girls from Semey, the main factor was the ecology. Both could have a baby there, but were waiting for the opportunity to move to Astana.

(29)

6. Conclusion

Summarizing all Mother’s Index reflects the most appropriate region for being a mother. Factors that has been included into consideration fully describe advantages and disadvantages of all regions. It is a significant indicator for current mothers who are currently on maternity or planning to take care and bring up young generation of Kazakhstan.

The first hypothesis was confirmed that cities with highly developed economical conditions are most likely to be in the top of the list: Astana and Almaty are in the top of the ranking, Shymkent is in the middle, but if current trends continue, it will most likely rise to the top five in the coming years.

The second hypothesis that essential factors such as high birth rates, low number of divorces and clean ecology will be most applicable for south regions was just partially confirmed. High birth rate and low divorce rates are inherent in the southern regions, however, this is also true for the western regions, and the southern regions are inferior in birth rates not only to the west, but also to Astana. Also, Astana, unlike the southern and western regions, has a more favorable ecological environment, which refutes our hypothesis.

Region Index Ranking Birth rate Ranking Difference

Astana 1 2.00 -1

Mangystau region 2 1.00 1

Almaty 3 11.00 -8

Kyzylorda region 4 7.00 -3

Atyrau region 5 5.00 =

Akmola region 6 12.00 -6

West Kazakhstan region 7 10.00 -3

Turkestan region 8 4.00 4

Shymkent 9 3.00 6

Zhambyl region 10 8.00 2

North Kazakhstan region 11 17.00 -6

Aktobe region 12 9.00 3

Almaty region 13 6.00 7

Pavlodar region 14 15.00 -1

Karagandy region 15 13.00 2

Kostanay region 16 16.00 =

East Kazakhstan region 17 14.00 3

Figure 26: Difference between Index and birth rate

We expected that our index would be consistent to the birth rate by region, as people consciously or intuitively feel how favorable the environment is for the birth of a child, even if this is not always a planned event.

(30)

As a result, the positions in the index approximately coincide with those in the birth rate rating, however, there are several regions where the indicators vary widely. The difference in the positions of Shymkent we explained earlier in the report.

Demographic problems of the northern regions, in this case, the Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions, have long been known. Despite the good conditions for having a baby, the actual rates are much lower. There are a number of reasons, but the basis is population migration to Russia. The difference between the indicators of Almaty and Almaty region is most likely mutually exclusive: the population works and creates good conditions in the city, but go to their regions to have a baby, primarily because of the high cost of living in the city.

In the future, if there is enough data to build regression, we will be able to sort through the variables, allocate the weight for each of them, and forecast the indicators. Data obtained will be useful not only for those who want to have a baby, but also for government agencies, for which the index will be a kind of guideline for making decisions in this area.

(31)

APPENDIXES 1. Variable dynamics:

(a)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 8.85 8.37 8.04 7.38 6.59 7.09 6.47

Aktobe region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 11.14 10.65 9.81 8.63 8.05 7.86 7.57

Almaty region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 9.83 9.73 8.73 8.35 7.90 7.48 6.94

Atyrau region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 11.50 10.81 9.65 8.67 8.13 8.04 8.02 West

Kazakhstan region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 10.05 9.94 9.22 8.33 7.87 7.74 7.51

Zhambyl region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 9.69 9.63 8.81 7.54 7.25 7.02 7.03

Karagandy region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 9.63 9.60 8.98 8.31 7.77 7.94 7.84

Kostanay region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 8.14 8.08 7.48 7.27 6.38 6.85 6.50

Kyzylorda region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 9.63 9.97 8.81 7.69 7.36 7.26 7.27

Mangystau region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 11.98 11.12 10.09 9.41 8.78 8.48 8.29 Turkestan

region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 9.02 9.70 8.60 7.76 7.70 7.14 6.73 Pavlodar

region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 9.38 9.18 8.63 8.09 6.83 7.47 7.12 North

Kazakhstan region

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 8.27 8.19 7.81 7.26 6.30 6.83 6.48 East

Kazakhstan

Rate of

marriages per SOCIAL 9.31 9.40 8.80 8.00 7.35 7.30 6.82

(32)

Astana

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 13.06 13.28 13.67 13.00 12.25 11.45 10.81

Almaty

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 10.34 11.07 11.15 10.34 9.64 9.67 9.27

Shymkent

Rate of marriages per

1000 citizens

SOCIAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.89

(b)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 3.40 3.48 3.65 3.49 3.23 3.57 3.41 Aktobe region Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 2.90 2.91 2.96 2.89 2.92 3.06 2.75 Almaty region Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 2.41 2.62 2.56 2.82 2.63 2.78 2.80 Atyrau region Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 2.85 2.71 2.80 2.55 2.37 2.39 2.38 West

Kazakhstan region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 2.92 3.13 3.13 2.85 2.87 3.09 3.07 Zhambyl

region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 2.08 2.29 2.38 2.27 2.22 2.25 2.31 Karagandy

region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 3.82 4.14 4.05 3.83 3.65 3.81 3.74 Kostanay

region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 3.88 3.88 3.79 3.67 3.55 3.72 3.64 Kyzylorda

region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 2.09 2.21 2.13 2.27 2.37 2.23 2.17 Mangystau

region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 2.63 2.52 2.61 2.28 2.30 2.33 2.24 Turkestan

region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 1.38 1.54 1.60 1.76 1.84 1.88 1.59 Pavlodar

region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 4.10 4.32 4.34 4.32 3.90 4.19 4.19 North

Kazakhstan region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 3.48 3.57 3.76 3.60 3.62 3.58 3.79 East

Kazakhstan region

Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 3.38 3.58 3.59 3.66 3.50 3.64 3.35 Astana Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 3.70 4.06 4.25 4.39 4.00 3.66 3.84 Almaty Rate of divorces

per 1000 citizens SOCIAL 3.86 3.80 3.79 3.71 3.45 3.80 3.80 Shymkent Rate of divorces SOCIAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.61

(33)

per 1000 citizens (c)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 20.20 21.40 21.60 21.60 21.80 22.00 22.00

Aktobe region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 18.70 20.10 20.80 21.30 21.70 22.00 22.00

Almaty region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 16.10 17.10 17.60 18.10 18.50 18.90 18.90

Atyrau region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 19.50 19.90 20.00 20.10 20.60 21.40 21.40 West

Kazakhstan region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 18.40 19.10 19.50 19.80 20.20 20.60 20.60

Zhambyl region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 15.70 15.60 15.90 16.10 16.30 16.60 16.60

Karagandy region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 21.90 22.40 22.60 22.70 22.90 23.00 23.00

Kostanay region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 20.90 21.50 21.90 21.80 21.80 21.70 21.70

Kyzylorda region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 19.10 19.50 19.10 19.30 19.60 19.90 19.90 Mangystau

region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 17.50 20.10 20.90 21.80 22.40 23.30 23.30 Turkestan

region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 19.10 20.70 20.30 18.90 19.40 19.70 19.70 Pavlodar

region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 21.60 22.60 22.80 21.90 21.90 22.00 22.00 North

Kazakhstan region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 20.20 20.70 20.90 20.80 21.00 21.00 21.00 East

Kazakhstan region

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 19.00 19.40 19.50 19.70 20.00 20.20 20.20 Availability of

(34)

Almaty

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 24.40 27.60 26.70 27.00 27.60 27.10 27.10

Shymkent

Availability of housing per 1 citizen in (m2)

SOCIAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.50

(d)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

17,839 .00

18,319 .20

18,390 .30

19,383 .16

20,119 .46

19,847 .81

24,631 .40

Aktobe region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

15,122 .88

15,605 .31

16,853 .85

17,501 .21

17,761 .87

18,792 .87

18,645 .89

Almaty region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

20,524 .57

25,283 .52

22,050 .80

22,347 .53

22,385 .66

23,334 .88

24,304 .54 Atyrau region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

13,242 .90

13,879 .98

15,346 .78

16,149 .69

16,986 .03

20,949 .24

22,167 .29 West

Kazakhstan region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

15,314 .53

15,066 .71

16,423 .29

17,028 .54

19,905 .63

20,693 .97

22,307 .83 Zhambyl

region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

18,523 .19

17,254 .60

19,363 .73

19,271 .74

21,360 .56

21,868 .76

23,275 .42 Karagandy

region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

13,579 .69

14,653 .52

15,564 .30

16,603 .87

17,753 .97

17,070 .79

18,164 .97 Kostanay

region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

15,707 .77

15,440 .63

16,622 .04

17,285 .67

18,036 .86

18,704 .98

19,035 .13 Kyzylorda

region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

15,497 .80

12,976 .64

14,504 .43

15,060 .02

15,938 .71

16,449 .85

16,662 .89 Mangystau

region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

17,606 .10

15,345 .14

20,256 .24

20,925 .62

22,384 .79

22,166 .34

23,582 .75 Turkestan

region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

4,230.

23

4,170.

50

4,880.

89

4,687.

13

4,593.

50

4,814.

53

13,964 .60 Pavlodar

region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

44,431 .73

52,524 .29

63,559 .37

66,378 .71

67,639 .79

75,753 .58

54,917 .39 North

Kazakhstan region

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

24,102 .16

21,405 .74

25,962 .55

26,992 .61

29,176 .69

30,280 .56

31,452 .25 East Number of HEALTHC 13,812 14,081 15,156 15,857 17,234 17,369 17,296

(35)

Kazakhstan region

citizens per one hospital

ARE .48 .49 .39 .57 .80 .60 .81

Astana

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

23,963 .48

33,832 .39

30,163 .67

27,509 .77

27,268 .25

30,396 .63

30,311 .09

Almaty

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC ARE

19,854 .33

15,689 .88

20,929 .15

21,597 .95

21,554 .00

22,168 .46

20,712 .56

Shymkent

Number of citizens per one

hospital

HEALTHC

ARE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36,621 .92

(e)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region Birth rate per

1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 18.35 17.51 17.39 17.12 16.90 16.71 16.82 Aktobe region Birth rate per

1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 23.03 23.38 24.06 24.11 23.53 22.47 22.69 Almaty region Birth rate per

1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 24.32 24.66 25.30 25.30 25.88 24.98 24.86 Atyrau region Birth rate per

1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 28.39 28.61 28.52 27.93 27.84 26.78 27.16 West

Kazakhstan region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 20.20 20.49 20.80 20.48 20.62 19.96 20.11 Zhambyl

region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 26.76 26.82 27.10 25.72 25.27 23.71 24.18 Karagandy

region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 18.02 18.06 18.13 17.73 17.31 16.44 16.64 Kostanay

region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 14.90 14.80 14.48 14.47 13.94 13.38 13.30 Kyzylorda

region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 28.09 26.83 27.28 25.92 25.04 24.39 24.34 Mangystau

region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 30.46 31.72 31.98 31.30 31.18 29.74 29.72 Turkestan

region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 30.22 29.60 29.70 29.03 28.48 27.20 27.33 Pavlodar

region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 17.20 17.45 17.29 16.87 16.64 15.91 15.72 North

Kazakhstan region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 14.99 14.82 14.32 14.25 13.58 13.17 12.93 East

Kazakhstan region

Birth rate per 1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 16.77 16.37 17.01 16.40 16.45 15.98 15.83 Astana Birth rate per

1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 25.59 27.50 28.89 30.29 30.18 28.23 27.67

(36)

1000 citizens ARE Shymkent Birth rate per

1000 citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.53 (f)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 9.00 9.00 11.00 11.00 9.00 7.00 7.00

Aktobe region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 9.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 9.00 9.00 9.00

Almaty region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 6.00 5.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

Atyrau region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 10.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.00 West

Kazakhstan region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 10.00 8.00 11.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 Zhambyl

region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 7.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 Karagandy

region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 8.00 11.00 9.00 Kostanay

region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 13.00 11.00 11.00 9.00 11.00 11.00 12.00 Kyzylorda

region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 10.00 10.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 10.00 8.00 Mangystau

region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 7.00 8.00 6.00 6.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 Turkestan

region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 11.00 10.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 12.00 12.00 Pavlodar

region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 10.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 8.00 North

Kazakhstan region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 9.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 7.00 9.00 East

Kazakhstan region

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 10.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 10.00 9.00

(37)

Astana

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 7.00 7.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 Almaty

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 8.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Shymkent

Mortality rate of children per 1000

citizens

HEALTHC

ARE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.00

(g)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 100.00 97.00 123.00 84.00 104.00

Aktobe region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 116.00 113.00 124.00 108.00 129.00

Almaty region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 103.00 99.00 67.00 86.00 98.00

Atyrau region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 123.00 121.00 123.00 102.00 110.00

West Kazakhstan

region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 106.00 105.00 128.00 96.00 113.00

Zhambyl region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 109.00 107.00 89.00 95.00 107.00

Karagandy region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 107.00 107.00 122.00 95.00 114.00

Kostanay region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 163.00 87.00 129.00

Kyzylorda region

Number of children per 100

places in

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 99.00 97.00 104.00 85.00 91.00

(38)

Mangystau region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 105.00 102.00 104.00 116.00 106.00

Turkestan region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 108.00 104.00 98.00 96.00 108.00

Pavlodar region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 110.00 109.00 125.00 109.00 117.00

North Kazakhstan

region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 97.00 98.00 107.00 63.00 99.00

East Kazakhstan

region

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 114.00 106.00 125.00 106.00 110.00

Astana

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 170.00 113.00 122.00 111.00 101.00

Almaty

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 114.00 109.00 105.00 103.00 101.00

Shymkent

Number of children per 100

places in kindergarten

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 91.00

(h)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Akmola region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 179.19 190.01 199.84 208.25 216.53 Aktobe region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 276.14 289.40 306.54 325.47 351.08

Almaty region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 422.72 443.74 471.59 487.24 506.95

Atyrau region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 510.57 530.80 557.92 585.33 619.36 West

Kazakhstan

Number of students per 1

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 221.62 233.33 245.15 256.68 267.46

(39)

region school Zhambyl

region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 419.63 440.27 455.71 469.56 492.11 Karagandy

region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 321.95 330.77 342.00 353.20 364.76 Kostanay

region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 180.50 186.80 192.12 199.90 206.70 Kyzylorda

region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 434.92 454.18 476.80 492.84 512.88 Mangystau

region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 772.50 809.15 829.68 876.87 916.29 Turkestan

region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 544.36 564.72 588.46 603.74 512.02 Pavlodar

region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 219.11 230.71 247.76 263.91 278.28 North

Kazakhstan region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 128.11 131.54 137.20 142.43 145.51 East

Kazakhstan region

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 247.69 255.37 268.10 273.27 277.28

Astana

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 1,153.

96

1,232.

92

1,301.

68

1,429.

88

1,485.

95

Almaty

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 783.44 829.99 890.65 921.17 945.33

Shymkent

Number of students per 1

school

EDUCATI

ON 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,313.

54

(i)

REGION VARIABLE CRITERIA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Akmola region

Ratio of the Average monthly

nominal income of the population

to the Cost of Living

ECONOMI

C 2.88 2.82 2.94 3.10 3.23 3.32 3.32

Ratio of the

Сурет

Figure 1: Index
Figure 2: Points appointment criteria
Figure 3: Range line
Figure 5: Collinearity problem
+7

Ақпарат көздері

СӘЙКЕС КЕЛЕТІН ҚҰЖАТТАР

Исследование проблемы экологического просвещения детей через театральное искусство на примере спектакля «Приключение Снежного барса» Театра для детей и юношества им.. Сац позволило

Figure 4 - Hospital stay SS-single stage, TS-two stage In our practice, the success rate of cannulation and sanitation of the common bile duct was 99.8% and there were no cases of