А.М. Kabdulsharipova, S.N. Suieubayeva, G.I. Dzhempeisova
D.Serikbaev East Kazakhstan State Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk (E-mail: Suyeubaeva@mail.ru)
Optimization the production and processing of agricultural production in horizontal-integrated system
Effective development of agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan in the conditions of the competitive pressure and external social and economic threats isn't possible without implementation of new system forms of the organizational decisions which are based on the principles of integration and cooperation. The article substan- tiates the need for horizontal integration of agricultural production. Optimization of process of a feed produc- tion as main technological process in livestock production is offered. Calculations for optimization of the main technological process, namely, a forage production which purpose is security of livestock production with various sterns are carried out: mineral, vegetable and animal origin. The model of the horizontally inte- grated business process of production of grain was calculated on the basis of imitating modeling. The opti- mum plan is received as a result of optimizing calculations with application of a simplex method of linear programming. The integrated production of agricultural production is the effective solution of recovery from the crisis of agrarian sector of economy.
Key words: horizontal integration, agricultural production, optimization the production, a simplex method of linear programming.
Development of integration of agricultural production is one of the main factors that have a significant impact on the efficiency of the agricultural enterprises and increasing their organizational and economic and financial stability. A special role in the restructuring of the economy of Kazakhstan is given to new forms of flexible integration to organizational management, which created a vicious cycle: production - processing - realization, so that processors avoided price pressures, trade, and numerous commercial intermediaries [1].
Therefore, one of the most effective ways to rationalize agricultural production and the integration of the production to other industries and sectors. The tendency of such systems in the form of agricultural holdings in the CIS economies are characterized by generally large states, primarily Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
However, it should be noted that the controversial issues remain related to the formation and development of horizontally-integrated structures of the agricultural sector in different regions. From this perspective, the practical issues of formation and development of industrial organizational mechanism of integration in a par- ticular region is relevant, and of scientific interest.
Integrated production of agricultural products on the horizontal «vector» involves pooling of farms (CH) on the example of two specializations: livestock and grain production. For example, the farm, the main activity of which is directed to the production of crops, certainly has some potential in livestock. To develop this trend to significant volumes have been marginal, and suggests a solution to bring together the resources available with the farm specializes in breeding. Attraction of additional resources by integrating with farm where livestock production is not the main business process, opens up new possibilities in expanding produc- tion.
At the first stage in livestock production let’s make calculation for optimizing the primary process, namely, feed production, the aim of which is to provide a variety of animal feed: mineral, vegetable and an- imal origin. Feed the first two groups — it just agricultural products or the result of its processing (fodder, starch wastes, fish, meat industries, etc.). For feed of animal origin include milk and its waste (whey, butter), meat, fish, bone meal and others. Foods of plant origin are divided on the composition of the following four groups: concentrates (grain and grain products, animal feed, oil cakes, meal, etc.), coarse (hay, straw, silage), green (grass and pasture feeding), juicy (silage, root vegetables, potatoes, melons, etc.) [2].
The most common in East Kazakhstan silage-hay, silage, and silage concentrated type of feeding cattle.
When silage hay-feeding type depending on the milk production rate of roughage (hay generally) may be from 17 to 40 % of the total nutritional diet [2]. With increasing milk production of cows specific weight silage and hay (nutritionally) in the diet decreases and increases the amount of concentrated feed. The diet of highly concentrated feed cows make up 40–45 % of the total nutritional value [3]. Calculate optimal diet tak- ing into account both economic and zootechnical requirements of traditional (including a variant) in complex
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ways, and with a large amount of factors considered virtually impossible. To this end, increasingly using modern mathematical methods, the dignity of which in finding the best solution under the given conditions.
The rate of growth of economic efficiency of feed production is largely dependent on how well and ef- ficiently use existing resources and reserves, among which occupies an important place to improve the struc- ture of sown areas of forage crops. Therefore, in each sector must be allocated the area under fodder crops, grassland and arable land for sowing forage crops, and considered as a single entity planning and organiza- tion of production of feed. The most effective is the production of perennial grasses for hay, haylage and si- lage maize cultivation. It is also possible to include in the feeding straw that remains after threshing com- modity and feed grains. When preparing feed rations take into account the need for animals in nutrients, the presence of feed in the economy and their quality, as well as animal housing conditions.
Preparation of rations produced by feeding standards and the initial data farms EKR (Table 1).
Тa b l e 1 Requirement of feed for the cows in winter housing period (225days)
Type of feed Requirement for 1 cow per day, kg Requirement for all period, tons
Silage 15 2396
Haylage 4 639
Hay 5 799
Straw 3 479
Concentrates 1 160
Concentrated feed given to animals depending on productivity and nutrient content of the diet. When this ratio feed the cow will receive daily 6.8 feed unit instead of the required 6.6 and 680 grams of protein.
Requirement of feed for bulls - producers in winter housing period is presented in Table 2.
T a b l e 2 Requirement of feed for bulls - producers in winter housing period
Type of feed Requirement per day, kg Requirement for all period, tons
Silage 7 27
Haylage 3 11
Hay 7 27
Straw 1 4
Concentrates 3 11 The Table 3 presents general requirement for feed of livestock farming of this farm for the period of
2014–2015 years.
T a b l e 3 General requirement for feed of livestock farming for the period of 2014–2015 years
(from harvest to harvest)
Type of feed Requirement for feed,tons The size of reserve stock, % Quantity of feed, tons
Silage 4582 30 5957
Haylage 1226 25 1532
Hay 1545 25 1931
Straw 913 25 1141
Concentrates 687 10 Cultivation of forage crops for tractor-field team must be based on crop yields, which is due to a dry
summer in some plant food was below average. Sown area by crop, size of food portions and yield in centners of fodder units per 1 hectare are given in Table 4.
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Тa b l e 4 Sown area under different crops
Feed crops The yield in centners of fodder units per 1 ha for teams Sown area, hectare Team 1 Team 2
Cornmeal 10 х1 12 х2 600
Grass for hay 14 х3 18 х4 650
Corn for silage 30 х5 28 х6 200
Grass for haylage 15 х7 18 х8 200
Total area, hectare 750 900 1650
Dimensions of not known area of each plot, which should take at a particular culture let’s place in a cell in the same Table 4.
Collecting fodder in centers of feed units will be determined by the following objective function.
(formula 1):
С(х) = 14 х1 + 16 х2 + 14 х3 + 18 х4 + 30 х5 + 28 х6 + 15 х7 + 18 х8→maх (1) Required to find the greatest value of this function under the following conditions (formula 2):
Х1 + Х2 = 600, Х4 + Х5 = 650,
Х5 + Х6= 200, (2)
Х7 + Х8 = 200, Х1 + Х3 + Х5 + Х7 = 750, Х2 + Х4 + Х6 + Х8 = 900.
As a result of optimization calculations using the simplex method of linear programming to obtain an optimal plan. Implementation of this plan will allow the company to receive the 35600 quintals of feed units at the planned area of 95 hectares. The company, in which one of the participants is specialized in plant growing, forage production and increased efficiency, as the cost of rearing a feed unit are reduced.
As you can see, to increase production efficiency it was enough to take the decision on the organiza- tional integration on the horizontal level.
In conditions of high economic isolation enterprises in agriculture, of course, actual problems of ration- al use of mechanization. The most important task in this case is a substantiation of optimum machinery com- plexes and compositions tractor fleet (ICC) with the specific production and natural and economic condi- tions. The basic concept in the strategy to improve the efficiency of integration into the cereal production sector is cooperation machines and tractors park small farms formed during the mass privatization in agricul- ture. However, in spite of the prospect of the integration process, the mechanical formation of such structures can increase the efficiency of ITC, if not to take into account all the complex factors and specificity are pre- sent in this case. You must first examine the entire production and economic background to precedent, as well as, as noted above, the level and amount of horizontal and vertical integration should be scientifically substantiated by attracting apparatus of mathematical modeling and simulation.
To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
To develop a simulation model to optimize the structure and quality of technical support of machine- tractor fleet of CH on the basis of a new production - economic joints- machines and tractors complex (MTC);
Present production and economic activities of the BCH database for earlier years in order to build forecasts, depending on the natural - climatic factors and the identification of data for simulation;
Implement a computer experiment in order to optimize machines and tractors park.
The technological process of cultivation of crops begins in the spring with pre-cultivation, which de- termines the course of the subsequent process steps, as agricultural production is continuous. Numerous data CH indicates that the delay on the timing spring field work for various reasons, for one day against optimal timing shortage of grain on each hectare is 20–30 kg, while a delay of 6–8 days it increased to 3–4 CN [4].
Each economy should be interested in the quality of the spring sowing campaign, as it affects the productivi- ty of crops.
In the studied farms processing is performed cultivators KPE-3.8 width of which is equal to 3.8 meters.
The most frequent mistakes in conducting pre-processing - timeliness of operations, very shallow or too deep
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treatment, excessive looseness, and hence — the upper horizon of the soil, a large gap in time between op- erations, this leads to the sealing of seeds in a dry layer of soil and reduce germination.
In the fields of economy employs 11 field crop units. Their equipment technology is shown in Table 5 and Table 6, shows the dimensions of areas assigned to each link.
T a b l e 5 Area, sawn feed crops by joints of КХ
Indicators Joints Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cereals: - 1120 900 751 240 130 1576 1150 900 - -
1422 8187 Wheat - 1120 900
-
751 -
240 -
130 -
1576 -
1150 -
900 - -
1422 -
8187 Buckwheat - 150 - - - - - - - 150
Millet - - - - 40 - - - - - 40
Peas - - - 95 - - - - 95
Rye 286 - - - - - - 118 - - 105 509 Sunflower 90 380 400 525 413 200 500 4 240 210 430 3392
Corn - - - 50 - - - 295 - 345
Total: 376 1650 1300 1276 693 380 2171 1272 1140 505 1957 12720 T a b l e 6 Joints’ facilities of agricultural equipment
Equipment mark Joints Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tractor:
DT-75
1 - 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 2 9
MTZ-50 2 - - - 1 2 - - 1 6
MTZ-80 2 - - 1 2 1 4 3 2 3 1 19
Т-40 5 2 1 1 1 1 7 4 2 1 3 28
К-701 - - - 1 1 - - 1 3
К-700 - 1 3 2 - - 1 2 - - 1 10
Combine:
«Niva»
1 2 6 3 - - - 1 3 1 3 20
«Enisey» - 2 - 1 1 1 3 4 - - 1 13
«Don» - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - - 3
«Hersony» - - - - 2 - - - 2
Cultivator:
KPE-3,8
2 5 2 3 1 2 - - 15
KPSH-5 - - - 6 5 - - 11
Integrated farming includes two agricultural enterprises. If they operated separately, each would have on its balance sheet MTM, grain storage and contain labor. And because of it would have formed the corre- sponding costs for each enterprise, which are presented in Table 7. However, since they have structural units of the economy, there is no need to maintain two buildings MTM.
Table 7 shows the use of the ICC indicators. Improved utilization of existing tractors without additional investment will allow to increase the volume of mechanized operations reduce the time of their execution, raise the level of mechanization of labor-intensive processes, reduce production costs. Therefore, the ICC analysis of each sector is of great importance.
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Тa b l e 7 Analysis of cost MTP, tengue
Indicators Enterprise 1 Enterprise 2 Energy supply of MTM
Energy supply of field floor
Payment for the protection of buildings and equipment for the year Remunerationlocksmiths
Remunerationtractor
112000 33880 60650 1666400 9988900
75760 32350 60000 1449000 5542300
Generalizing indicator of the work of tractors, is the integral work ratio (w.r.) of tractor, which is calcu- lated using the formula (3):
W.R. = VTRa / VTRp = VTRa / G * D * OR, (3)
where VTRa — actual volume of tractor work; VTRp — the volume of tractor work possible; G — Energy power ICC; D — number of calendar days of work; OR — rate of output per 1 kW per calendar day, usl.et.ga.
The smaller the tractor standing idle for a year, the day shift and the higher the production, the higher the actual amount of work will be closer to the technical possibilities, the higher the value of this ratio, the more efficient use tractors on the farm.
Table 8 shows that the company is effectively using 2 part ICC, hence, there are idle equipment.
And the company recycles 1 tractor-rate change in the day. Thus, in the farms idle equipment, or it is not enough, therefore, it is necessary either to rent or to cooperate in relation to ICC services. Once we decided on the presence of technology, DTI analysis (Table 9), land area, the process of cultivation of agricultural crops, it is necessary to examine the wage rates for each type of work and the fuel consumption rate in the seedbed preparation and sowing of crops (Table 10). POL application rates are calculated on the basis of ob- servations of chronometry and wage rates on the basis of the minimum wage.
T a b l e 8 Analysis of MTP usage
Indicators Enterprise 1 Enterprise 2
Field area, hectare 12915 1660
Availability of agricultural equipment: tractor 37 69 Volume of tractor work ,hectare 141800 30600 Worked by one tractor during a year:
Machine days 287 255
Machine shifts 477 173
Machine hours 4388 1213
Coefficient of tractor usage, Cu 0,79 0,70 Coefficient of shifting, Csh 1,66 0,68
Averageshiftduration 9,2 7,0
Performance per tractor, hectare:
Annual average 3832 443
Average daily 13,35 1,74
Average per shift 8,03 2,56
Average per hour 0.87 0,37
Integral coefficient of tractor park usage, Cp.u 0.88 0.35
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T a b l e 9 Consumption of petroleum products and the rate of wages in the seedbed and sowing crops
Type of work
done Tractor
mark Cupling mark Performance
norm, hectare Consumption of petroleum per
1 hectare, liter Rate of wage per 1 hectare, tengue Cultivation
Disking
Harrowing ZigZag Sowing
Soil rolling
К-700 DТ-75 Т-4 DТ-75
Т-4 К-700 К-700 DТ-75 Т-4 К-700 К-701 DТ-75 DТ-75 МТЗ-80
К-700 DТ-75
KPE-3,8 KPE-3,8 KPE-3,8 LDG-10 LDG-10 BDТ-7 BDТ-7 BES-2,1 BES-2,1 BES-2,1 SES-2,1 SES-2,1 SES-2,1 EКК-6А EКК-6А PN-8-35 PN-4-35
35,0 15,7 34,2 37,0 40,0 23,0 26,7 61,2 43,0 52,0 27,9 35,0 21,2 67,0 38,0 10,8 6,0
5,8 5,3 4,0 2,0 2,4 5,6 7,1 2,1 2,0 2,4 5,4 6,6 3,5 1,3 1,1 16,4 10,5
279 622 285 264 244 424 366 159 227 188 350 279 460 146 257 904 1627 In order to decide on the beginning of the pre-cultivation period its necessary to view statistics on the timing of the start of the previous years, which are reflected in the Table 10
Тa b l e 1 0 The timing of the beginning of the pre-cultivation period in 2006–2015 years
Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Date 10.05 09.05 10.05 10.05 08.05 11.05 11.05 10.05 12.05 09.05 Statistics show that the average time of the beginning of cultivation falls on May 10 with a deviation equal to 1–2 days. During the spring field work shift is 10 hours, but this value is random, as there may be technical failure technique, stage technique to another location, etc. The KX two variants of work or machin- ery working an entire shift — 10 hours (qti), or spends 2 hours moving (qti') (Table 11). Now, consider the frequency and probability of occurrence and the values qtiqti' (Table 12).
Тa b l e 1 1 Tractor work during pre cultivation
Indicators Date (May — month) Total trac/
09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 day Quantity of tractors worked 10
hours (qti) 16 18 16 20 19 19 18 15 16 16 13 12 12 8 5 223 Quantity of tractors worked 5
hours (qti’) - - 2 3 4 4 6 7 5 5 4 5 - 5 - 50 Total amount of tractors (W)
16 18 18 23 23 23 24 22 21 21 17 17 12 13 5 273 T a b l e 1 2 The frequency of appearance of qt
qt 5 8 12 13 15 16 18 19 20
Frequency Mqt 1 1 2 1 1 5 2 2 1
Pqt 0,067 0,067 0,133 0,067 0,067 0,334 0,133 0,133 0,067
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From Table 12 we can see that in one day can refuse two and more tractors. The failure rate is shown in Table 13. There is a possibility that the tractor may refuse and, in spite of the fact that before the start of the field work took place all the equipment overhaul, the phenomenon happened in practice. Table 14 shows the production of equipment failures during cultivation.
T a b l e 1 3 The frequency of appearance of qti’
qt’ 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mqt’ - 1 3 4 2 1
Pqt’ - 0,091 0,273 0,364 0,182 0,091 T a b l e 1 4 Meantime between failures
Indicators Date Total amount
of failures for the cultivation period 11.
05 13.
05 15.
05 16.
05 19.
05 23.
05
Amount of refused tractors(ri) 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Interval between failures, days(li) 0 2 2 1 3 4 -
According to Table 15, the distribution frequency of the failed equipment is subject to the normal dis- tribution law. When, as defined with the failed equipment, it is necessary to generate a period of repair of equipment, and to determine the precedence SMO MTM.
T a b l e 1 5 The frequency of the number of tractors failures
Indicators Enterpise 1 Enterprise 2
ri 1 2
Mri 5 1
Pri 0,833 0,167
A simulation model of mass service solves problems, which is characterized by a stream of input re- quirements, serving stations, devices, formed a queue and output stream that can contain both catered and non-catered requirements. Orders to the requirement to be an application for the repair of equipment (Table 16).
T a b l e 1 6 Equipment repair time during cultivation
Indicator Number of failed tractor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Repair, days 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
Following initial data were assigned to a machine simulation experiment:
N — total number of simulations;
Stotal — total area plowing, ha;
j — number of stations, (j = 1, k);
i — the number of tractors, (i = 1, n);
V — average speed tractor km / h;
L — width, km;
Sj — area of the j-th area, ha;
T1 — beginning plowing;
T2 — the time of failure of the tractor;
T3 — MTM services time;
t — time interval, t = 1 hour;
R — the time limit for the end of the cultivation;
Cpetr — the cost of fuel and lubricants, tenge / ha;
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The following indicators for all types of technology used for the entire period were obtained at the out- put of simulation experiment:
PR — Performance, ha / hour;
Co — overall cost, tenge / ha;
Tokon — end time of cultivation.
The proposed measures to optimize key business processes integrated agricultural production will in- crease their effectiveness. The economic effect totaled 21,945,880.1 tenge in the horizontal component of the integration of a year.
In general, the integration in integrated effect manifested as a synergistic effect:
effect conglomerate, which means that an increase in the number of enterprises allocates risk between them, thus reducing it to share each.
Sales effect — it benefits the sales organization from the point of view of marketing, advertising, col- lective distribution as marketing opportunities of the combined company with the correct formulation of the case must be increased;
Scientific and production effect is to maximize the use of production capacity, staff resources, reducing transaction, fiscal, marketing and administrative costs as well as total cost of R & D and IT costs associated with obtaining information and errors in decision-making due to inadequate and / or insufficiently treated and meaningful information;
effect investment — is to multiply the effect of the investment opportunities of each individual compa- ny, in addition, the creation of associations opens up additional opportunities for leveraging public in- vestment on favorable conditions and external, including foreign investments under the state guarantees;
effect management and is the effect that occurs when the proper construction of corporate manage- ment. This includes vertical management structures, and formal training and communication, and cross-communication informal communication managers of different levels and areas of the same corporation.
Thus, the effective development of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan in terms of competitive pressures and external social and economic threats is not possible without introducing new forms of systemic organizational solutions based on the principles of integration and cooperation.
References
1 Яновская О.А. Корпоративное управление: учебник. — Алматы: Экономика, 2005. — 320 с.
2 Есиркепов Т.А., Мусабаев Н.О. Агропромышленная интеграция: теория и практика. — Алматы: Кульжахан, 2001. — 116 с.
3 Бабич А.А. Животноводство: проблема кормов. — М.: Знание, 1997 — 64 с.
4 Кабдулшарипова А.М. Экономико-математическая модель оптимизации производства в сельскохозяйственных пред- приятиях // Поиск. — 2007. — № 2. — С. 65.
А.М. Кабдулшарипова, С.Н. Суйеубаева, Г.И. Джемпеисова
Деңгейлес-біріктірілген жүйеде ауылшаруашылық өнімді
өндіру жəне өңдеуді оңтайландыру
Əлеуметтік-экономикалық қатерлер мен бəсекелестік қысым жағдайында Қазақстанның агроөнеркəсіптік кешенінің тиімді дамуы интеграция жəне кооперация қағидаларына негізделген ұйымдастырушылық шешімдердің жаңа жүйелік формаларын енгізусіз мүмкін емес. Мақалада ауылшаруашылық өнімді өндіруді деңгейлес біріктіру қажеттілігі негізделді. Мал шаруашылық кешенінің мал азығын өндіру үрдістерін оңтайландыру жəне бидайды өндірудің бизнес-үрдісінің деңгейлес-біріктірілген үлгісі ұсынылды. Негізгі технологиялық процесті оңтайландыру, соның ішінде мақсаты мал шаруашылығын минералды, өсімдікті жəне жануар текті əр түрлі азықтармен қамтамасыз ету болып табылатын мал азығын өндіру бойынша есептеулер жүргізілген. Имитациялық үлгілеудің негізінде бидайды өндірудің бизнес-үрдісінің деңгейлес-біріктірілген үлгісі есептелген.
Түзу сызықты программалаудың симплекстік əдісінің көмегімен оңтайландыру есептері негізінде оңтайлы жоспарға қол жеткізілді. Біріктірілген жүйеде ауылшаруашылық өнімін өндіру аграрлық сектордың дағдарыстан шығуының тиімді шешімі болып табылады.
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А.М. Кабдулшарипова, С.Н. Суйеубаева, Г.И. Джемпеисова
Оптимизация производства и переработки сельхозпродукции
в горизонтально-интегрированной системе
Эффективное развитие агропромышленного комплекса Казахстана в условиях конкурентного давле- ния и внешних социально-экономических угроз не представляется возможным без внедрения новых системных форм организационных решений, базирующихся на принципах интеграции и кооперации.
В статье обоснована необходимость горизонтальной интеграции производства сельскохозяйственной продукции. Проведены расчеты по оптимизации основного технологического процесса, а именно кормопроизводства, целью которого является обеспеченность животноводства разнообразными кор- мами — минерального, растительного и животного происхождения. На основе имитационного моде- лирования рассчитана модель горизонтально-интегрированного бизнес-процесса производства зерна.
В результате оптимизационных расчетов с применением симплексного метода линейного программи- рования получен оптимальный план. Интегрированное производство сельскохозяйственной продук- ции является эффективным решением выхода из кризиса аграрного сектора экономики.
References
1 Yanovskaya O.A. Corporate Governance: textbook, Almaty: Ekonomika, 2005, 320 p.
2 Esirkepov T.A., Musabaev N.O. Agroindustrial integration of theory and practice, Almaty: Kulzhahan, 2001, 116 p.
3 Babich A.A. Livestock feed problem, Moscow: Znanie, 1997, 64 р.
4 Kabdulsharipova A.M. Poisk, 2007, 2, p. 65.
