Research Article
Component Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of CO 2 Extract of Portulaca oleracea , Growing in the
Territory of Kazakhstan
Meruyert I. Tleubayeva ,
1Ubaidilla M. Datkhayev,
1Mereke Alimzhanova,
2Margarita Yu Ishmuratova ,
3Nadezhda V. Korotetskaya,
4Raisa M. Abdullabekova,
5Elena V. Flisyuk,
6and Nadezhda G. Gemejiyeva
71Department of Organization, Management and Economics of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, St.Tole Bi, 88,050000, Kazakhstan
2Department of Analytical, Colloidal Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Al-Farabi Ave, 71, 050040, Kazakhstan
3Department of Botany, E. Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, St. University, 28, 100028, Kazakhstan
4Test Facility Management, JSC Scientific Center for Antiinfectious Drags, Almaty, Al-Farabi Ave, 75 A, 050060, Kazakhstan
5Department of Pharmaceutical Disciplines and Chemistry, Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, St. Gogol, 40, 100008, Kazakhstan
6Department Technology of Drags Forms, Saint-Petersburg State University of Chemical and Pharmaceuticals, St. Petersburg, St. Popova, 14, 197376, Russia
7Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany and Phyto-Introductions, Almaty, St. Timiryazev, 36 D, 050040, Kazakhstan
Correspondence should be addressed to Meruyert I. Tleubayeva; meruert_iliasovna@mail.ru Received 11 July 2020; Revised 2 January 2021; Accepted 9 January 2021; Published 22 January 2021 Academic Editor: Jacek Karwowski
Copyright © 2021 Meruyert I. Tleubayeva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In the medicine of many countries, the use of herbal healing agents included a significant contribution to improving human health and well-being. Many antibiotics have been widely used to treat infectious diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria.
However, increased multidrug resistance has led to increased severity of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens. Bacteria remain the main causative agents of diseases that cause human death, even in the present day. This cause prompted scientists to investigate alternative new molecules against bacterial strains. The significant interest for the study isPortulaca oleraceaL. (familyPor- tulacaceae), a widespread annual plant used in folk medicine. Thus, the production and study of CO2extract ofPortulaca oleracea is an actual problem.Methods. Raw materials were collected from Almaty and Zhambyl regions (Southeast and South Kazakhstan) in phase flowering.Portulaca oleraceaherb’s CO2extract was obtained by subcritical carbon dioxide extraction (installation of carbon dioxide flow-through extraction- 5L). The Wiley 7thedition and NIST’02 library were used to identify the mass spectra obtained. The antimicrobial activity study was conducted by the micromethod of serial dilution and disco-diffuse method.
Standard test strains of microorganisms were used:Bacillus subtilisATCC 6633,Staphylococcus aureusATCC 6538-P,Candida albicansATCC 10231, andEscherichia coliATCC 8739.Results. The use of carbon dioxide extraction (further CO2extract) is a promising direction of obtaining total medicinal substances containing biologically active substances, from fractions of volatile esters of various composition and functional purpose until a fraction of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. In the current study, we obtained CO2extract at subcritical conditions from aboveground organs ofPortulaca oleraceaand investigated the component composition for the first time. From 41 to 66 components were identified in the composition ofPortulaca oleracea‘s CO2extract.
Studies of antimicrobial activity showed that CO2extract ofPortulaca oleraceahad the expressed effect against clinically sig- nificant microorganisms such asEscherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis, andCandida albicans.Conclusions. This study showed that CO2extract ofPortulaca oleracea’s raw material contained biological active compounds exhibiting a significant antimicrobial effect.
Volume 2021, Article ID 5434525, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5434525
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1. Introduction
Plants from ancient times are a natural source of biologically active substances [1]. In the medicine of many countries, the use of herbal healing agents made a significant contribution to improving human health and well-being [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) made a comprehensive anal- ysis of the role of folk medicine in the world and published the “WHO Strategy in the field of folk medicine for 2014–2023” for integrating folk medicine into national health systems [3]. Medical preparations of plant origin are characterized by relative safety and low toxicity and act comprehensively on the human body, which allows applying them for the prevention and long-term treatment of dis- eases. Currently, more than 80% of the world’s human population depends on herbal preparations for treatment of various human health problems [4].
Many antibiotics have been widely used to treat infec- tious diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria.
However, increased multidrug resistance has led to in- creased severity of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens.
Thus, bacteria remain the main causative agents of diseases that cause human death even in the present day. The use of several antibacterial agents simultaneously (polypragmasy) in higher doses can cause toxicity for humans. This situation prompted scientists to investigate alternative new molecules against bacterial strains [5].
Conducting research on the introduction of plants with healing properties into official medicine is an actual prob- lem; therefore, the use of local vegetative raw materials will increase production volumes and expand the range of medical preparations based on local plants.
The significant interest for the study is widespread an- nual plantPortulaca oleraceaL. (familyPortulacaceae), used in folk medicine. It vegetates from April to October; blooms from June to August; seeds mature from August to Sep- tember. This species grows in gardens, on the melon fields, on streets settlements, in weed places, along the sandy coasts of reservoirs, and on roadsides, as a weed plant [6]. In Kazakhstan and CIS countries, it is successfully cultivated as ornamental and food culture [7].
Minh et al. report that the biologically active com- pounds, namely, flavonoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, terpe- noids, sterols, phenolic compounds, proteins, and minerals, are present inPortulaca oleraceaherb ethanolic and aqueous extracts [8]. The value of Portulaca oleracea is that it is a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, which are necessary for maintaining human life [9].
Alcohol and aqueous extracts of Portulaca oleracea’s aerial part have a wide range of pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antimi- crobial, antipyretic, and antipyretic activities due to the
content of various groups of biologically active compounds [10].
The authors of [11] studied polysaccharides from Por- tulaca oleracea, which have an antidiabetic activity, lowering blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice; in addition, the authors of [12] carried out studies where the polysaccharide component from this species exerts a pro- nounced antitumor effect on in vivo models.
The authors of [13, 14] present data on the biologically active compounds, namely, homoisoflavonoids portulaco- nones A-D and new alkaloid operaciamde C isolated from Portulaca oleracea’s extract that exhibits cytotoxic activity against four lines of human cancer cells and stem cells derived from human adipose tissue.
Scientific studies carried out in different years confirm the antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea’s methanol extract with the content of total phenols, flavonoids, ca- rotenoids [15] and the phenolic compounds fraction from crude Portulaca oleracea’s extract [16].
The use of different extractants can affect the final content of biologically active compounds; the amount and composition of fatty acids were determined in the petroleum ether extract [17].
The use of carbon dioxide extraction is a promising direction for the production of total medicinal substances containing biologically active compounds, starting from volatile esters, fractions of various compositions, and functional purposes, ending with the fatty acids and fat- soluble vitamins fraction [18]. In this regard, the production and investigation ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2 extract is an urgent problem.
In the current study, we obtained the CO2extract in the subcritical conditions from aboveground organs of Portu- laca oleraceaand studied the component composition and established the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria for the first time.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection. The raw materials of Portulaca oleraceaare collected in the flowering phase in 2-3 decades of August 2018-2019 in the foothill zone of Trans Ili Alatau (Almaty region, Southeast Kazakhstan) and in the floodplain of Talas River (Zhambyl region, South Kazakhstan). The raw material was harvested in dry weather. The drying of raw materials was carried out in a well-ventilated room at a temperature of +25±5°C. The moisture content of the raw material should not exceed 10–12%.Portulaca oleracea’s raw material is stored at a temperature of +15°S–25°S and humidity of not more than 65%, in dry, well-ventilated rooms.
The plant samples were identified and transferred for storage to the herbarium fund of the Institute of Botany and
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Phyto-Introduction (Almaty city). The herbarium code of the sample of Portulaca oleraceais 2421/25, 2421/26.
2.2. Obtaining Carbon Dioxide Extract. Portulaca oleracea herb’s CO2extract was obtained from the aboveground part of the raw material in a laboratory facility for subcritical carbon dioxide extraction (installation of carbon dioxide flow-through extraction- 5L). The optimal conditions for obtaining CO2 extract were as follows: pressure 45–52, at- mosphere, temperature +19–22°C, dynamic extraction time 540 minutes, and raw materials particle size 0.2–0.3 mm; the yield was 0.7%.
2.3. Component Composition Determination. The composi- tion was determined on a gas chromatograph with an Agilent 6890N/5973N mass spectrometric detector. Chro- matography conditions were as follows: sample volume 0.2μl and sample inlet temperature 240°C, without dividing the flow. The separation was carried out using a DB-35MS chromatography capillary column with a length of 30 m, an inner diameter of 0.25 mm, and a film thickness of 0.25μm at a constant carrier gas (helium) velocity of 1 ml/min. The chromatographic temperature was programmed from 40°C (holding 2 min) to 200°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min (holding 5 min) and up to 300°C with a heating rate of 20°C/
min (holding 10 min). The detection was carried out in the SCANm/z 34–750 mode. Agilent MSD Chem Station soft- ware was used to control the gas chromatography system, recording, and processing the results and data.
2.4. Component Identification. The Wiley 7th edition and NIST’02 library were used to identify the mass spectra obtained. The percentage of components was calculated automatically based on the peak areas of the total ion chromatogram. The components were identified by mass spectra and retention times.
2.5. Antimicrobial Activity Determination. To study the antimicrobial activity, standard test strains of microorgan- isms were used: Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphy- lococcus aureusATCC 6538-P, which are obtained from the Republican Collection of Microorganisms (Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan) and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, which are obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA).
Sensitivity studies of microorganisms were performed on standard nutrient media:
Mueller Hinton medium: Mueller Hinton Agar (N173), HiMedia, India; Mueller Hinton Broth (Mueller Hinton Broth (M391), HiMedia, India [CLSI]
Fluid Sabouraud medium (M013), HiMedia, India [CLSI]
2.5.1. Micromethod of Serial Dilutions. A 96-well plate was used to determine the antimicrobial activity [19, 20]. Mueller Hinton broth (for bacterial testing) and Sabouraud broth
(for fungal testing) were introduced into the holes in an amount of 50μl. The extract was added in pure form in a volume of 50μl to the 1st and 2nd holes; starting from the 2nd hole, serial dilutions were prepared. The medium and test strain whole were used as a positive control to confirm growth for each test strain. A noninoculated hole containing nutrient broth without the test substance was used as a negative control for each test strain.
To all holes with dilution and positive control, 10μl of tested strain of the microorganism was introduced. The samples with bacteria were incubated at 36±1°C for 24 hours. Samples with Candida albicans were incubated at 22±1°C for 48 hours. The results were taken into account visually by the presence/absence of visible growth of test strains on the surface of the dense nutrient medium. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was considered the lowest concentration that suppressed microorganism growth.
2.5.2. Disco-Diffuse Method. Suspension of microorganisms at a concentration of 1.5×108CFU/ml was seeded with a continuous uniform lawn on the entire surface of the Mueller Hinton agar [21, 22].Candida albicanssuspension at a concentration of 7.5×108CFU/ml was seeded with a continuous uniform lawn over the entire surface of the Sabouraud agar. It was held for 15 minutes, after which commercial discs, impregnated with the studied concen- trations of extract, were applied to the surface of the in- oculated culture and dried agar. Samples with bacteria were incubated at 36±1°C for 24 hours and withCandida albicans were incubated at 22±1°C for 48 hours. The results were taken into account by measuring growth suppression zones around the disks.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Carbon Dioxide Extracts Component Composition.
From 41 to 66 components were identified in the compo- sition ofPortulaca oleracea‘s CO2 extract (Tables 1–3).
Triterpenoids such as lupeol,β-amyrin, andc-sitosterol;
phytosterols such as campesterol and stigmasterol; diter- penes such as phytol; Vitamin E; monounsaturated fatty acids such as 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester, linoleic, ethyl linolenate, linoleic acid, methyl ester, and ethyl-9,12- octadecadienoate; polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid and ethyl icosanoate; and fatty acids such as hexadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, methyl ester, palmitic acid, ethyl ester, and palmitic acid were found among the main groups of compounds forPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract.
4. Results of Antimicrobial Activity
Antimicrobial activity was studied on CO2extract from the raw material of the Almaty region, Southeast Kazakhstan (2019), since the sum of terpenoids was 18.30% and fatty acids were 34.11%.
When determining the antimicrobial activity by the serial dilution method, the antibacterial and fungicidal ac- tivity ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract was established in
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Table1: The results of chromatographic analysis ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract (Zhambyl region, South Kazakhstan, 2018).
No. Retention time (min) Compound Identification probability (%) Percentage (%)
1 10.2 2-Nonen-1-ol 79 0.15
2 12.5 Terpinen-4-ol 90 0.31
3 14.9 2-Decenal 87 0.12
4 15.6 Myrtenyl acetate 81 0.16
5 15.7 1-Undecene, 4-methyl- 80 0.47
6 15.9 2-Sec-butylcyclohexanone 75 0.15
7 17.0 2,4-Decadienal 91 1.00
8 18.3 Pentadecane 84 0.11
9 18.7 cis-β-Farnesene 81 0.14
10 18.8 1,3-Dioxane-5-methanol, 5-ethyl- 70 0.20
11 19.5 3-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- 75 0.23
12 20.8 Hexadecane 77 0.12
13 22.3 Dodecanoic acid 65 0.14
14 23.0 8-Heptadecene 79 0.09
15 23.2 trans-2-Dodecen-1-ol 80 0.41
16 23.5 Spathulenol 89 0.25
17 24.7 Loliolide 86 0.30
18 25.0 α-Bisabolol oxide B 92 0.46
19 25.3 β-Ionone, methyl- 70 0.09
20 25.4 Octadecane 78 0.21
21 26.6 Phytol 82 2.32
22 26.8 Myristic acid 93 1.29
23 27.6 Nonadecane 80 0.17
24 27.8 Bisabolol oxide A 87 0.53
25 27.8 Perhydro Farnesyl acetone 93 1.29
26 29.4 1-Dodecanol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- 73 0.21
27 29.6 Heptadecane 79 0.12
28 30.4 Herniarin 67 0.06
29 30.7 Phthalic acid, hex-3-yl isobutyl ester 90 0.26
30 30.9 Hexadecanoic acid 88 3.91
31 31.5 Heneicosane 89 0.23
32 32.8 1,6-Dioxaspiro[4.4]non-3-ene, 2-(2,4-hexadien ylidene)- 90 2.50
33 32.9 Dibutyl phthalate 90 0.24
34 33.4 Heptacosane 80 0.42
35 34.1 Ethyl oleate 79 0.21
36 34.4 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester 85 1.53
37 34.6 Linoleic 88 4.46
38 34.7 Ethyl linolenate 78 0.87
39 35.0 Tetracosane 82 0.35
40 36.9 Docosane, 9-octyl- 72 0.19
41 37.6 Hexacosane 92 4.37
42 38.5 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide 89 0.71
43 38.6 Tetracosane, 11-decyl- 80 0.23
44 39.7 Oleyl oleate 65 0.20
45 40.0 Octacosane 81 4.91
46 40.1 Linolein, 2-mono- 72 0.27
47 40.2 Olein, 2-mono- 71 0.26
48 40.7 Butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate 77 0.78
49 41.0 Cannabidiol 77 0.20
50 41.7 Pentadecanal 78 0.31
51 42.1 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 94 0.81
52 42.1 Tetratetracontane 72 1.41
53 42.5 2-Methyloctacosane 84 0.69
54 43.9 Tetradecyl acetate 92 1.44
55 44.4 Squalene 88 0.56
56 44.7 Hexacosyl acetate 83 1.04
57 47.3 1-Docosene 80 3.22
58 48.1 Vitamin E 71 3.41
59 50.4 Octadecyl trifluoroacetate 82 3.33
60 50.7 Campesterol 89 5.97
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relation to analyzed strains of microorganismsS.aureus,E.
coli,B.subtilis, and C.albicans (Table 4, Figure 1).
Previous studies confirmed the antimicrobial activity of Portulaca oleracea’s extracts. Thus, in the work of Chowdhary et al. [23], the antimicrobial activity of
chloroform and ethanol extracts of Portulaca oleraceawas reported via diffusion in agar against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumonia and fungi, as well asAspergillus fumigatusand Neurospora crassa. The article by Zhou et al. [24] provided Table1: Continued.
No. Retention time (min) Compound Identification probability (%) Percentage (%)
61 52.8 Stigmasterol 92 4.36
62 53.2 c-Sitosterol 93 2.86
63 53.4 β-Amyrin 91 6.36
64 56.2 Lupeol 92 22.08
65 57.7 Simiarenol 77 2.27
66 58.0 Stigmast-4-en-3-one 81 1.70
Table2: The results of chromatographic analysis ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract (Almaty region, Southeast Kazakhstan, 2018).
No. Retention time (min) Compound Identification probability (%) Percentage (%)
1 17.0 2,4-Decadienal 91 0.77
2 22.5 Nonanoic acid, 9-oxo-, ethyl ester 87 0.63
3 23.2 Heptadecane 90 0.15
4 23.5 Spathulenol 87 0.15
5 24.7 Loliolide 88 0.42
6 25.4 Nonadecane 77 0.11
7 26.7 Tetradecanoic acid 93 1.26
8 26.9 Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester 89 0.61
9 27.8 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- 91 1.40
10 29.7 Palmitic acid, methyl ester 92 0.53
11 30.9 Palmitic acid, ethyl ester 87 9.41
12 31.0 Palmitic acid 93 4.06
13 31.5 Heneicosane 90 0.21
14 32.9 Dibutyl phthalate 92 0.22
15 33.2 Phytol 79 2.56
16 33.3 Oleic acid, methyl ester 90 0.56
17 33.5 Linoleic acid, methyl ester 87 1.12
18 34.1 1,6-Dioxaspiro[4.4]non-3-ene, 2-(2,4-hexadien ylidene)- 90 0.86
19 34.5 Ethyl Oleate 91 3.40
20 34.6 Ethyl-9,12-octadecadienoate 89 10.84
21 34.8 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 87 7.67
22 35.0 Linolenic acid, ethyl ester 81 5.65
23 35.3 Linolenic acid 90 6.48
24 38.1 Ethyl icosanoate 85 0.32
25 38.6 Hexacosane 91 1.27
26 38.7 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide 90 0.77
27 38.9 Octadecanal 74 0.41
28 41.2 Ethyl docosanoate 77 0.32
29 41.5 Docosyl acetate 90 0.54
30 41.7 Octacosane 92 3.74
31 42.1 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 94 4.63
32 44.0 Tetratetracontane 87 0.67
33 44.2 Ethyl tetracosanoate 76 0.18
34 44.4 Tetracosyl acetate 92 0.97
35 48.1 Lignoceric alcohol 80 1.39
36 52.8 Campesterol 89 2.03
37 53.2 Stigmasterol 91 2.15
38 54.4 c-Sitosterol 92 8.13
39 56.2 β-Amyrin 83 1.72
40 57.7 Lupeol 91 10.43
41 58.4 Stigmast-4-en-3-one 82 1.26
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data on the antifungal and antibacterial activity of 70%
methyl extract of Portulaca oleracea againstCandida albi- cans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus faecalis.
The observed results of our study are well consistent with the studies of Nayaka et al. [25], which reported that fla- vonoid apigenin isolated from the ethanol extract of the aboveground part of Portulaca oleracea showed an
antibacterial activity on five pathogenic bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Salmonella typhimurium,Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aero- genes) in in vitro experiments. Lei et al. [26] provided data on significant antibacterial effects of portulacebroside B, C, and D and portula ceramide isolated from Portulaca oleracea’s ethanol extract on enteropathogenic bacteria in in vitro experiments. In article of Syed et al. [27], an antifungal activity was detected in a sample of the plant Portulaca Table3: The results of chromatographic analysis ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract (Almaty region, Southeast Kazakhstan, 2019).
No. Retention time (min) Compound Identification probability (%) Percentage (%)
1 12.6 p-Menthan-3-one 91 0.23
2 14.9 Ethyl nonanoate 87 0.17
3 15.2 Pulegone 91 0.72
4 17.0 2,4-Decadienal 80 0.27
5 18.7 β-Famesene 93 1.91
6 20.3 α-Farnesene 86 0.13
7 23.5 Spathulenol 94 1.10
8 23.7 Caryophyllene oxide 85 0.15
9 24.0 Mint furanone 87 0.24
10 24.7 Loliolide 88 0.16
11 25.0 Bisabolol oxide II 93 2.60
12 25.7 α-Bisabolol 83 0.12
13 26.7 Myristic acid 90 0.55
14 26.9 Myristic acid, ethyl ester 83 0.29
15 27.6 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl 77 0.15
16 27.8 Bisabolol oxide A 88 2.15
17 27.9 Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 91 0.75
18 29.7 Benzoic acid, tridecyl ester 77 0.16
19 30.4 Herniarin 91 0.53
20 30.9 Hexadecanoic acid 84 10.07
21 32.8 1,6-Dioxaspiro[4.4]non-3-ene, 2-(2,4-hexadien ylidene)- 91 6.99
22 33.2 Phytol 94 1.56
23 33.9 7-Isopropyl-1,4-dimethyl-2-azulenol 71 0.42
24 34.5 Ethyl Oleate 91 1.35
25 34.6 Ethyl-9,12-octadecadienoate 88 6.74
26 34.8 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 80 7.30
27 35.0 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester 95 4.67
28 35.2 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 84 9.20
29 36.4 Docosane, 7-hexyl- 87 0.66
30 37.9 Docosane, 11-butyl- 83 0.23
31 38.6 Hexacosane 93 4.39
32 38.7 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide 86 0.28
33 39.7 Tetracosane, 3-ethyl- 85 1.10
34 40.8 Olein, 2-mono- 72 0.27
35 41.5 1-Docosanol, acetate 91 0.73
36 42.7 Hexacosane, 9-octyl- 75 0.74
37 44.4 Tetracosyl acetate 91 0.87
38 44.6 Octacosane 93 4.14
39 44.8 Squalene 94 1.21
40 45.6 Tetratetracontane 76 0.30
41 47.2 Hexacosyl acetate 82 0.45
42 47.3 Hexacosane 89 1.29
43 48.1 Octadecyl Trifluoroacetate 78 0.99
44 50.5 Vitamin E 88 1.46
45 52.8 Campesterol 88 1.52
46 53.2 Stigmasterol 87 3.61
47 54.4 c-Sitosterol 94 8.04
48 56.2 β-Amyrin 88 1.46
49 56.7 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol 75 0.41
50 57.7 Lupeol 84 5.16
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Table4: The results of the antimicrobial activity ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract obtained by the serial dilution method.
Object of study Minimum bactericidal concentration (μg/ml)
S. aureusATCC 6538-R E. coliATCC 8739 B. subtilisATCC 6633 C. albicansATCC 10231
Portulaca oleracea’s CO2extract 250 500 500 500
Table5: The results of the antimicrobial activity ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract obtained by the disco-diffuse method.
Object of investigation (μg/ml)
Growth suppression zone (mm) S. aureusATCC
6538-R E. coliATCC 8739 B. subtilisATCC 6633 C. albicansATCC 10231
Portulaca oleracea’s CO2extract, 1000μg/ml 20.0 18.0 21.0 15.0
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure1: Results of the antimicrobial activity ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2 extract obtained by the serial dilution method from the Almaty region (Southeast Kazakhstan, 2019): (a)E.coli; (b)S.aureus; (c)B.subtilis; and (d)C.albicans. After studying the antimicrobial effect of Portulaca oleracea’s CO2 extract by the disco-diffuse method, its activity was also established. During interpreting the data, it was conditionally accepted that the diameter of the growth zone delay was over 15 mm- high activity, 10–15 mm- medium activity, and less than 10 mm- low activity (Table 5, Figure 2).
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oleracea from Korea against some strains of the genera Trichophyton and significant broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sub- tilis, andStreptococcus faecalis.
The results of the study of the antimicrobial activity by serial dilution showed thatPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract had the greatest bactericidal effectiveness againstS.aureusat the concentration of 250μg/ml; againstE.coli,B.subtilis, and C. albicans, it has an established bactericidal activity at a concentration 500μg/ml.
When studying the effectiveness ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2 extract by the disco-diffuse method, data with high values of the growth suppression zone were also obtained, exceeding 15 mm. Thus, the growth retardation zone against C. albicans, E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis was 15 mm, 18 mm, 20 mm, and 21 mm, respectively.
Extract of Portulaca oleracea from the Almaty region (Southeast Kazakhstan, 2019) has antimicrobial activity regardless of the research method.
Duarte et al. [28] and Galvao et al. [29] noted in their research that the herbal remedy was strong if it exhibited the
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure2: Results of the antimicrobial activity ofPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extract obtained by the disco-diffuse method from the Almaty region (Southeast Kazakhstan, 2019): (a)E.coli; (b)S.aureus; (c)B subtillis; and (d)C.albicans.Portulaca oleracea’s CO2extract component composition varied according to the raw materials origin, place, and collection timing, which is explained by the difference in soil, climatic, and weather conditions. The chromatographic analysis sum of the main groups of compounds by classes is presented in Figure 3.
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antimicrobial effect at MBS (minimum bactericidal con- centrations) values below 500μg/ml.
Thus, according to the results of the study, it was found that Portulaca oleracea’s CO2 extract has a pronounced antimicrobial effect.
5. Conclusions
The results of the study of the component composition of Portulaca oleracea’s CO2extract obtained from raw materials of different origins are presented. The obtained extract identified 66 components from raw materials collected in the Zhambyl region and 41 and 50 components from raw materials collected in the Almaty region. The difference between the component compositions is explained by the soil climatic conditions of the regions. The main components in the raw materials are ter- penoids, sterols, fatty acids, and tocopherols.
Study of the antimicrobial activity by serial dilution and the disco-diffuse method showed that Portulaca oleracea’s CO2 extract had a significant effect on the following mi- croorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Ba- cillus subtilis, andCandida albicans.
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the right and opportunity to achieve the goals and objectives in the Non-Commercial JSC “Asfen- diyarov Kazakh National Medical University.”
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Triternoids 30.72 12.15 6.62
Sterols 14.88 13.58 13.17
Tocopherols 3.41 0 1.46
Others 7.6 6.48 9.09
Ester 2.86 33.56 8.85
Diterpene alcohol 2.32 2.56 1.56
Fatty acid 11.31 19.47 34.11
Cyclic alcohol 0.2 0 0
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Alkans 17.87 6.15 14.07
Monoterpenoids 2.88 1.66 2.05
Aldehydes 1.44 1.18 0.41
Terpenoids 3.22 0.42 7.07
Fatty alcohols 0.77 1.39 0
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure3: Ratio of main groups of substances inPortulaca oleracea’s CO2extracts of different origin and time of raw material collection.
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